Mutualism Symbiotic Relationships

Essay on The Canterbury Tales - 538 Words

The Canterbury Tales â€Å"The Prologue to The Canterbury Tales† were told during a pilgrimage journey from London to the shrine of the martyr St. Thomas a Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. This was approximately 70 miles to the southeast. These Tales were told by a group of 29 pilgrims, and a Host who met up with them at the Tabard Inn. They left the Inn on the morning of April, 11. The Nun’s Priest Tale was the first story actually told, this was determined by whoever drew the shortest straw. The pilgrim who told the best story would win a free dinner, and the loser’s had to pay for his dinner. Geoffrey Chaucer who was without a doubt the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages, wrote this great story â€Å"The Canterbury tales†.†¦show more content†¦The Miller was a very big and strong man, that , stated in The Prologue to The Canterbury Tales, â€Å"Could win the ram at any wrestling show†. He was Broad, Knotty , and Short-Shouldered. It also says he could â€Å"Heave any door off hinge and post, Or take a run and break it with his head.† The Millers’ beard was red, and very big and thick, and his nose had a wart on the end, with red hairs protruding out of it. His nostrils were black and very wide. He wore a sword and a buckler at his side, also the Miller wore a blue hood and a white coat. This is it for the physical traits of the Miller, I think you know by now, that he was big, and he was strong. Now we’ll talk about the Millers’ personality. The Millers’ personality was very distinct, It matched his physical traits almost exactly. the Miller was very boastful in his ways, he would boast to people about how he could bust any door down and off the hinges, or take a run and break it with his head, he was also a very greedy man, He would steal from the poor, or the rich without even thinking twice. his thumb of gold was how he did this, meaning, he pressed on the scale with his thumb to increase the weight of the grain that he sold to his customers, or so they thought he was selling them. The Miller also had a filthy mouth, and told tavern stories quite often. Also, he liked to play the bagpipes, in fact he was theShow MoreRelatedThe Canterbury Tales832 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canterbury Tales, written by Geoffrey Chaucer, the stereotypes and roles in society are reexamined and made new through the characters in the book. Chaucer discusses different stereotypes and separates his characters from the social norm by giving them highly ironic and/or unusual characteristics. Specifically, in the stories of The Wife of Bath and The Miller’s Tale, Chaucer examines stereotypes of women and men and attempts to define their basic wants and needs. In the Miller’s Tale, theRead MoreChaucers Canterbury Tales741 Words   |  3 Pagesreference to one of The Canterbury Tales discuss, what means Chaucer uses to create the highly individualized (and often comic) characters and how successful is his creation. The Friar from The Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucer was a master at creating highly individualized characters who are often comic and realistic at the same time and always have good traits as well as bad ones. The aim of this essay is to demonstrate this ability on the example of the Friar from The Canterbury Tales who is one of theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Canterbury Tales 1189 Words   |  5 Pagessuch examples following this concept is The Canterbury Tales, written by Geoffrey Chaucer in 1478, and Frankenstein, written by Mary Shelley 1818. Three characters in The Canterbury Tales (The Wife of Bath, The Pardoner, and The Knight) and The Monster in Frankenstein have developed a talent for successful storytelling, proven by their abilities to engage the audience with their pathos and passion. While storytelling is used differently in The Canterbury Tales (as a method of entertainment) than in FrankensteinRead MoreMoral In The Canterbury Tales1221 Words   |  5 PagesThe Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales have an ultimate lesson at the end, just as every other literary work does. In some of them, he simply states what it is, or some may have to be inferred. During the time, many social and historical events were taking place, and in some instances, Chaucer chose to base the moral around it. While reading The Canterbury Tales, the audience gets entertainment and a basic knowledge of what life what like through the lessons he presents. All of the tales moralsRead MoreThe Guildsmen In The Canterbury Tales882 Words   |  4 PagesThe Guildsmen of The Canterbury Tales Step 1 Prewriting: The Guildsmen were a group of men a part of a labor union. The carpenter, the weaver, the haberdasher, the dyer, and the carpet maker all traveled together due to their similar trades. They did this so they could increase the prices of their good. These men were all very successful in their respective trades. The men dressed in very fancy attire. The Guildsmen were also very proud of how well they treated their wives. Step 2 Prewriting: ThereRead More Chaucers Canterbury Tales2103 Words   |  9 Pagesforever immortalized as Geoffrey Chaucer the writer, and the Satirist. The true goal of any Satire is to point out the flaws in certain aspect of society, while also inspiring reform to that very same aspect in one way or another. In Chaucer’s Canterbury tales, Chaucer satirizes the corruption Catholic Church and those associated. Chaucer saw that hypocrisy polluted the pureness of the church and expressed his disillusionment through the use of satire. Fearless of discommunication Geoffrey ChaucerRead MoreChaucers The Canterbury Tales1381 Words   |  6 PagesThe Canterbury Tales serves as a moral manual in the Middle Ages. In the tales, Geoffrey Chaucer portrays the problems of the society. For instance, Chaucer uses the monk and the friar in comparison to the parson to show what the ecclesiastical class are doing versus what they are supposed to be doing. In other words, it is to make peop le be aware of these problems. It can be inferred that the author’s main goal is for this literary work to serve as a message to the people along with changing theRead More Canterbury Tales Essay646 Words   |  3 Pages Corruption in the Church nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Chaucer lived in a time dictated by religion and religious ideas in which he uses The Canterbury Tales to show some of his views. Religion played a significant role in fourteenth-century England and also in Chauceramp;#8217;s writing. His ideas of the Church are first seen in amp;#8220;The Prologue,; and he uses seven religious persons to show the influence of the religion in his writing. Although many of his characters appear to portrayRead More The Canterbury Tales Essay972 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales, a masterpiece of English Literature, written by Geoffrey Chaucer, is a collection, with frequent dramatic links, of 24 tales told to pass the time during a spring pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Thomas a Becket in Canterbury. The General Prologue introduces the pilgrims, 29 sondry folk gathered at the Tabard Inn in Southwark (outside of London). Chaucer decides to join them, taking some time to describe each pilgrim. According to the Norton AnthologyRead MoreAuthority And The Canterbury Tales1825 Words   |  8 PagesAuthority and The Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucer, widely known for his influence in medieval literature, expresses a fourteenth century literacy concept of authority and gentility in The Canterbury Tales. There are two forms of authority and gentility that will be covered in this discussion: authority and gentility in Chaucer’s personal life and the one in his two tales, â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Tale†, and â€Å"The Clerk’s Tale†. Chaucer himself loses a sense of authority over his writing after his death

DostoevskyS free essay sample

Dostoevsky`S # 8220 ; Brothers Karamazov # 8221 ; And # 8220 ; Crime And Punishment # 8221 ; Essay, Research Paper In Dostoevsky # 8217 ; s novels hurting and some heavy load of the inevitableness of human agony and helplessness signifier Russia. And he depicts it non with white baseball mitts on, nor through the blisters of the provincial, but through people who are close to him and his worlds: metropolis people who either have religion, or secular humanists who are so distant from world that even when they love humanity they despise worlds because of their ain inability to accomplish or to create Eden on Earth. His novels The Brothers Karamazov and Crime and Punishment are best illustrations of the toxicant consequence of such ideals on the common homo. The rebellion of these humanists against the system and the world of human life becomes more of import, therefore love becomes the filter and the retainer of pride and ideals. The cause of XIX c. progressives becomes more of import to them than the existent homo being that might non suit the image of their perfect and humane society. Through these jobs and antonyms which cross and overlap each other, Dostoevsky depicts societal issues, particularly the job of slaying, through an image of people who go through hurting. He presents a graphical experience of 1s who do non cognize how to cover with humanity and its jobs. Dostoevsky himself does non give a clear solution nor does he go forth one with the certainty of religion for an illustration. He says himself: Finding myself lost in the solution of these inquiries, I decide to short-circuit them with no solution at all. ( From the Author. The Brothers Karamazov ) Through the presentation of offense and the issue of money which is frequently connected to it, Dostoevsky retells a Bible narrative. His reply to the job of evil and human life filled with agony, at least the most persuading one, for a better society and better societal conditions is active love. That is non the love that is directed towards the humanity as a whole, but towards the person: # 8220 ; Strive to love your neighbour actively and tirelessly # 8221 ; ( II, 4 ) . For Dostoevsky such love is a false 1 and he nowadayss it through such characters as Rakitin, Perkhotin and even Luzhin: Consciousness of life is superior to life, cognition of the Torahs of felicity is superior to happiness # 8211 ; that is what we must contend against. ( The Dream of a Pathetic Man, p. 382 ) One of greatest immoralities for Dostoevsky are the alleged progressives who # 8220 ; love humanity more than an single man. # 8221 ; Yet he does non stand for their behaviour as truly evil. Their hatred towards humanity arises precisely from the antonym: love. Secular humanists see so much immorality, offense and inhumaneness, they can non halt it so they rebel. Ivan Karamazov and his rebellion are strictly of that sort. He is non despicable, he merely can non understand that there might be a solution for such agony, particularly in the instance of kids who are guiltless in Christianity. That is why Ivan asks: Love life more than the significance of it? ( II, 3 ) Ivan as any mean rational, wants to cognize. To cognize the significance of life for him is more of import than to really make something about the human enduring. Ivan forgets that one human life is every bit of import as the full humanity. For him humanity is simply an abstraction which go on to be environing him. He thinks that by cognizing and logically, rationally eventually understanding the enigma of life jobs would be solved. For Alyosha, the merely reply is love for life, irrespective of the significance and the logic behind it. To assist people and seek to forgive them if they do incorrect or assist them if they need aid is all that Alyosha wants. Faith in God and people is the merely manner to populate with love. To believe in God and to hold trust in homo nature and fate agencies to forgive and to atone. It means non aching others. Ivan gets trapped by the power of his ain mind and his ain pride: the pride that pulses in worlds who want to cognize more. Ivan contradicts himself with his rebellion. On one side, everything is permitted, because there is no God ( Ivan is an atheist ) , on the other the regulation of despotic Inquisitors who claim that there is God, but # 8220 ; know # 8221 ; the truth: that there is no God. Ivan desires rebellion against the Father and his male parent, the announcement of a man-god, but in the same clip Ivan looks at people like himself as male parents to the multitudes. Raskolnikov does the same. He separates people on ordinary and extraordinary. His demigod is permitted everything: I merely adumbrate that the # 8220 ; extraordinary # 8221 ; adult male has the right # 8230 ; I Don # 8217 ; t mean a formal, official right, but he has the right in himself, to allow his scruples to transgress # 8230 ; ( Crime and Punishment. III, 5 ) Ivan praises the thought of God, # 8220 ; which entered the caput of such a barbarian, barbarous animal as adult male # 8221 ; ( Brothers Karamazov, V, 4 ) . So he besides thinks most of people unworthy. How can a adult male that despises humanity love it at the same clip? If worlds are like that than who has a right to be a Superman or the Inquisitor. Yes, it is true that there are bad worlds, but one can non travel and hatred all of human race for the mistake of some. Without love the redemption and better society are impossible. Sonya and her forfeit for others and her forgiveness are the best illustration. She has God because she knows that she is as large of a evildoer and no better than others, and she still loves people, she does non desire to be better for the intent of narcissistic pride. In Russia at the clip the Church was 2nd topographic point and the values of Western European broad thought were brushing through. What Dostoevsky saw was that none of those thoughts really improved the position of the multitudes. Therefore, the reply has to lie someplace else instead than in the averment of humanists and positivists that work forces are Gods. What Raskolnikov does is precisely that: he gives himself the licence to offend and to make up ones mind to be a God. He Rebels against society and its norms. Raskolnikov hates Luzhin and Svidrigaylov, but by killing the old lady and Lizaveta on his manner to his ain intent he turns into people every bit evil as the 1s he despises most. Once he crosses the line he does non cognize where to halt. Geoffrey Kabat writes: On another, symbolic degree, the slaying is an effort to eliminate a symbol of the oppressive forces of a society in which money gives one power over other people # 8217 ; s lives and in which deficiency of money means dependance on others. ( V, 124 ) The job of money and its oppressive and evil character is an of import issue in Dostoevsky # 8217 ; s novels. Raskolnikov is originally troubled because of his fiscal jobs, Sonya is a cocotte to supply for her household, Mitya wants to kill his male parent for money. Judas betrays Jesus for money. This subject is repeated in Dostoevsky, but there is ever something more: in the terminal the money ( as in the instance of Rodion or Mitya ) is of lesser importance than the existent rebellion against the society and the effort to alter the societal conditions which are about intolerable. They both consider perpetrating self-destruction, but do non make it because they are lucky plenty to run into and to follow a Christ figure. Jesus would hold forgiven Judas, but Judas did non inquire for forgiveness. He felt guilt, but the feeling of guilt is a necessity if one knows of guilt and possesses fear. To cognize the guilt is non plenty: to atone is important. Grushenka and Sonya forgive because they have to forgive, but in the first topographic point they know that the guilty have to forgive themselves and take the way of penitence. Otherwise, reason at its best turns a adult male into a autocrat, on a smaller graduated table than the Inquisitor, but still a autocrat. This self-importance and child rebellion ( against every male parent possible ) of Rodion kill Alyona and Lizaveta and that is why he hurts his female parent and sister. Joseph Frank writes: By this clip, Raskolnikov has begun to understand how easy a prideful egoism can get down with love and turn into hatred. ( Dostoevsky: The Old ages of Ordeal 1850-1859.I, 7 ) The option to the behaviour of Svidrigaylov and Raskolnikov in the Crime and Punishment is Sonya or Sofia. Her name implies that Dostoevsky even through this wants to demo how foolish the Greco-Roman foundation for the Western idea is. The lone individual that possesses the ultimate wisdom and the key to felicity is Sonya. The adult female of Russia who believes and takes an the function of the female parent for her sisters and brothers every bit good as for Rodion .She loves actively # 8211 ; with her organic structure she sacrifices herself for her household. Sofia is the 1 with the reply: Travel at one time, this blink of an eye, stand at the cross-roads, foremost bow down and snog the Earth you have desecrated, so bow to the whole universe, to the four corners of the Earth, and say aloud to all the universe: # 8220 ; I have done murder. # 8221 ; ( V, 4 ) Raskolnikov will non travel because for him authorization is another representation of amorality, no better than himself. They do non care about his psyche or his compunction. They want to happen the liquidator and penalize him. The point that follows out of is that no judicial system is adequate to do one truly experience sorry. The issue of penalty is non what affairs. Surely Sonya does non want Raskolnikov to turn himself in because she hates him or because she thinks that he is a vile and evil animal. She wants to salvage him and she knows that the first way to the Jesus is the entree of one # 8217 ; s ain wickedness, and want already exists. Sonya knows that Rodion will non be saved if he is simply sent to Siberia. She follows him with the offer and the illustration of her Christian love, carry throughing her words and actively loving, trusting that his evildoing will non force him off from the universe back into his ain interior universe in which cipher else has a topographic point. Opposite to Sonya is what # 8220 ; humanists # 8221 ; make, what the # 8220 ; extraordinary # 8221 ; work forces do. Their thought becomes more than the existent humanity, more than the existent substance of that thought. The inevitableness of human enduring becomes obvious if one is seeking for an reply. Therefore merely like Raskolnikov and Ivan rejection of such society and life comes, which leads to the # 8220 ; cold and inhumanely indurate to the point of inhumaneness # 8221 ; ( Crime and Punishment, V, 2 ) . In order to get the better of evil 1 has to get down with the premise that there is goodness. To arise violently because of a kid # 8217 ; s decease merely brings greater immorality. Ivan does non love others nor does he love himself. He does non accept the most of import of all, and what is important to Sonya and Alyosha: forgiveness. He can non forgive himself, for he is impeaching himself of Fyodor # 8217 ; s decease, and he goes mad. The Grand Inquisitor and Ivan come really near together in their hatred towards humanity. They hold the sentiment that Jesus made a error when he sacrificed for the human race. What they do non understand is that Christ, with his buss, once more and once more dies and forfeits hims hob. Jesus does non lose religion in worlds and in the possibility of goodness, even though there is evil. He forgives. Sonya forgives, she expresses wisdom with her actions. In The Brothers Karamazov, and Crime and Punishment, active love is the highest value and the lone redress to all of humanity # 8217 ; s jobs! Sonya # 8217 ; s manus motions, Zosima # 8217 ; s bow, Christ # 8217 ; s busss are a definite and the ultimate reply that Dostoevsky has to offer to the people. Father Zosima makes this thought really clear: If you are repentant you love. And if you love you are a God. All things are atoned for, all things are saved by love. If I, a evildoer, even as you are, am stamp with you and have commiseration on you, how much more will God. Love is such a invaluable hoarded wealth that you can deliver the whole universe by it, and aby non merely your ain wickednesss but the wickednesss of others. ( Brothers Karamazov. II, 4 ) From the narrative # 8220 ; Akulka # 8217 ; s Husband, # 8221 ; in which there is everything but sorrow on the side of the slayer, religion in God is the lone way to saneness. Dostoevsky was a immature adult male when he heard these narratives. How could he populate otherwise, if he truly actively loved people, but take the belief in God as a necessity? The belief that the thought of God should be at that place because otherwise everything would be allowed is Ivan # 8217 ; s position. His claim that society should be based on the Christian tenet, and that offense should non be merely against the province, but besides against Christ, is precisely the antonym of what to believe and to truly love Christ means. Christ did non set out to penalize the transgressors, but he gave them all the love that he could give: forgiveness and love: Remember peculiarly that you can non be a justice of anyone. For no one can judge a condemnable, until he recognizes that he is merely such a condemnable as the adult male standing before him, and that he possibly is morethan all adult male to fault for that offense. ( Brothers Karamazov. VI, 3 ) For Ivan, ageless justness does non be, and he besides does non believe that there are guilty. But after that he accuses people of being evil and he does non forgive them. So he needs a prevarication to cover the fact of the human mortality. The lone job is that God is non a prevarication, at least non for Dostoevsky. Ivan would set up the regulation of the Inquisitor: he would set up a system that uses Christ for its ain endurance. To actively love agencies to believe and non to cipher or believe merely nine hours a twenty-four hours or when it is helpful to one # 8217 ; s survival Through the act of rebellion against the societal norms and the Christian tenet secular progressives, or humanists, bury about fellow human existences as being fallible as much in idea as in action. In those minutes, great guardians of broad idea and love for humanity forget that they might non hold the definite reply, therefore they fall into the same trap as their predecessors who thought that they knew what is the best for people and enforced their thoughts. They all become Grand Inquisitors and # 8220 ; populating gods. # 8221 ; They all want to save worlds from the load of their ain egos, # 8220 ; for merely we, we who guard the enigma, shall be unhappy. # 8221 ; They preach prevarications alternatively of the truth, therefore they develop a different sort of love: oppressive love. The Christian love has to be free. This is where the societal issue of slaying, as in the instance of Akulka # 8217 ; s hubby comes in. He evidently does non experience compunction because he owes something to the authorities or the system, or to his married woman: Forgive me, I # 8217 ; ll rinse your pess now and imbibe the H2O too. # 8221 ; ( Akulka # 8217 ; s Husband ) He feels no compunction for the slaying and the ill-treatment of the adult female. The authorization did direct him to prison, but what he feels is nil else but the feeling of being punished. There is no compunction and seems that there is no forgiveness. Possibly that is why Dostoevsky does non brood on his imprisonment excessively much. He does non desire his ain penalty to turn into pride: so society does non derive anything from the penalty of the 1 who transgressed, but plain averment of its ain power. This lapurlative political orientation, system for the interest of itself, does non convey the solution. There has to be remorse and existent recognition and confession. Not confession for the interest of mere forgiveness, nor that same sentence, # 8220 ; I can non forgive myself. # 8221 ; For Dostoevsky, that is simply an alibi for pride and self-pity. Peoples find safety in their theories or in other external factors, such as being deprived from something by birth, burying that the quality of life is one # 8217 ; s ain pick, # 8220 ; wear # 8217 ; t do to others. # 8221 ; In a secular society every category feels responsible merely to its ain # 8220 ; natural # 8221 ; or instead inadvertent surrounding: The inmate is about ever disposed to experience himself justified in offenses against authorization, so much so that no inquiry about it of all time arises for him. However, in pattern he is cognizant that the governments take a really different position of his offense and that hence he must be punished, and so they are quits. ( Ideology and Imagination. IV, 147 ) Dostoevsky # 8217 ; s solution lies in precisely the antonym from the category battle and the solution that it brings. All of those strives bring merely displacements and bends but are still based on hatred and non on love. When one thinks of God it is non in footings of category one belongs to, or sex or age. One either accepts the Word or one does non, one either believes that even the sparrow has its topographic point in God # 8217 ; s clemency or one goes around raving against God, at the same time speaking of his necessity. Dostoevsky shows such attitude, such portion clip apologizing as worthless and really frequently unsafe: self-destructions and slayings. He genuinely despises it and pitilessly onslaughts those wickednesss with all his strength and his equivocal words. Zosima # 8217 ; s gives an history of what being without Christ can make: They, following scientific discipline, want to establish justness on ground entirely, but non with Christ, as earlier, and they have already proclaimed that there is no offense, that there is no wickedness. And that # 8217 ; s consistent, for if you have no God what is the significance of offense? ( Brothers Karamazov. VI, 3 ) This is the danger of Raskolnikov and Ivan # 8217 ; s logic. The society around them and around Dostoevsky is one which makes kids suffer and turns immature, beautiful and wise animals, like Sonya, into cocottes. What is the reply? Is one reply possible to it at all? Can one travel on life with the idea of how much agony there is? Does one Rebel against the society, so seek to set up a new one, burying that society does non come to be of itself, but is built by human existences: existences imperfect and ready to ache and arise against their male parents, against the thought of # 8220 ; old, # 8221 ; or the society of the past and present. If that is taken into history the lone people who make do sense out of human being, which is best showed and expressed through agony, are people such as Ilyushka and Sonya. Their statement is much stronger. They are better for the cause of the betterment of societal issues than the existent speechmakers for the multitudes. Why? They offer the solution for peace in one # 8217 ; s psyche. They offer it with religion in God, non the rational way of the Western mind or with the denial of a Russian nihilist, but with a spring of religion that charms one against existent, barbarous, universe. The autocrats, the intellectuals, the Ivans can non be prevented, but religions can get the better of them, over and over once more. The bow and the busss have to be. Children dice, kids suffer, society is unfair, people kill for stupid grounds and base, despicable feelings. In a universe that is hopelessly destined to travel on like that, religion, God, are the best replies to our desperation. Intellectualism evidently does non convey much advantage or peace # 8211 ; religion and love bash. With God one # 8217 ; s pride can be defeated, one # 8217 ; s duty recognized, one # 8217 ; s active love awakened, one # 8217 ; s psyche saved: By the experience of active love. Strive to love your neighbour actively and tirelessly. Insofar as you advance in love you will turn surer of the world of God and of the immortality of your psyche. If you attain to hone self-forgetfulness in the love of your neighbour, so you will believe without uncertainty, and no uncertainty can perchance come in your psyche. ( Brothers Karamazov. II, 4 ) ) Ivan recognizes that same necessity and utility of God. However, he does non truly believe in God, therefore he can non forgive, he can non forgive himself, and most significantly he does non believe in the immortality of the psyche and in justness. He does non love. Without a belief in the being of justness offense has no significance. His thought of God is worthless because he is an atheist, he does non believe. The lone manner out is non through the prevarication, with which the Church for centuries managed its personal businesss, but through true and honest belief that things have a intent and that it does count to be good and non to ache others. One can non work out society # 8217 ; s jobs unless one truly believes that what is done has a intent. That is non the manner because when one starts looking at humanity as a whole one will non happen many good things and one will neer hold any felicity. Merely by looking at the person can one get a minute of felicity and ecstasy of the psyche, such as Alyosha # 8217 ; s experiences in the field. Faith is non rational way, but it equips one with love. Merely by holding certain values and love for others can the household as the basic unit of the society survive. Family Karamazov is surely a barbarous illustration of what the society may come to if society does non keep values which produce love: we are all responsible for each other and we have to forgive each other. To better the society and societal conditions and to free people from immorality on Earth is impossible. The belief that there is immortality of the psyche and that there is God who takes attention of worlds is necessary. Dostoevsky goes farther than Voltaire. He believes that you have to hold true religion in order to achieve felicity and to make the land for better life. Intellectual treatment and the recognition of the necessity for the God as an thought or a Prime Mover becomes worthless the minute it is meant as a prevarication. It has to be the Truth, there has to be faith. If one lives a prevarication his resentment that the dream and the ideal are impossible will merely take to madness, hatred, and finally suicide or slaying. One has to give active love. So the ultimate reply to the agony and the unfairness in the universe is love. What higher feeling and more positive there is in human being? Again there is no rational manner to explicate and to truly take one on that way of religion. The possibility of such belief is existent because worlds are able to love. That means that they must be able to endure for others, they besides must be able to forgive. # 8220 ; Love all work forces, love everything # 8221 ; are Zosima # 8217 ; s words. Dostoevsky can non travel further than that. 37c

The Pros and Cons if “Sonny’s Blues” has a Different Ending Essay Example

The Pros and Cons if â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† has a Different Ending Paper The Sonny’s Blues novel of James Baldwin has a very fundamental and decisive ending. The scene of the ending is in the jazz club where Sonny, brother of the undisclosed narrator in the story, is one of the musicians. The narrator agreed to with his brother to the club which he prejudged as full of darkness not beneficial and favorable to his brother. Sonny has an addiction to heroin which made him more distant to his brother because the narrator wants his brother to have a good life. This good life he is speaking of is like his life where he sees all things under idealistic view. But in this ending, the narrator learned to â€Å"listen† to his brother about his addiction. If the ending could have been different, one of the pros behind is that the message of the story could have been different. The symbolisms and the idioms within the story will relate different notions to different readers. There is also the possibility that the impact of this novel to the literature world could have been different as well. It may lead to a more famous James Baldwin if it turned out better or an average Baldwin because this novel has been the beginning of James Baldwin recognition in the literature world. There is also the possibility that the scope of readers it covers is wider aside from the depressed and anguished. The impact could have been better if the ending is revised in a different way as long as the continuity of thoughts of the story must not be disintegrated or disengaged. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pros and Cons if â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† has a Different Ending specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Pros and Cons if â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† has a Different Ending specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Pros and Cons if â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† has a Different Ending specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The original ending is very â€Å"pro† in relation to the whole story because it reveals and bares the degree of changes in the narrator’s life and view. This is further emphasized through a flashback of the narrator’s last conversation with his mother where his mother warned and requested him to hold onto his brother and to not let him fall no matter what is happening to his brother and no matter how evil he gets to his brother. She told the narrator that he might get evil to his brother many times but he must not forget what his mother told and requested him (Baldwin, 2002). Without thinking, the narrator made a promise to his mother that he will not allow anything to happen to Sonny. Her dying mother smiled because she was amused of the innocence behind that promise. Through the ending in the jazz club where Sonny was on stage playing and the narrator met his brother’s friends, fellow musicians, and patrons, he saw the appreciation they had to Sonny in a way the narrator is never was to his brother. The narrator starts to appreciate, recognize, and realize the importance of jazz and blues music to Sonny. Instead of aiming and forcing Sonny to fit and adapt to his world, the other way around, he was in Sonny’s world or rather his kingdom were he grasp that n this world flows a royal blood in Sonny’s vein compared to his. The narrator analyzed that jazz music was his brother’s and other artists’ way to express their agony, suffering, and fear instead of being addicted to heroin. What then plays in Sonny’s music was his life along with other artists’ lives. The misery and distress of the brothers from the beginning of the story and how they struggled to handle these problems made them different. The narrator handled it through keeping it within himself like an ice that made it all hard for him. Thus, he even considered Sonny’s struggles as his own that made him cautious anytime if Sonn y’s addiction will come back. Compared to Sonny, he is strong enough to face the reality of his problems and faced them through his music to release it. This final scene further exemplifies the tragedies that befell his parents, the death of the narrator’s daughter of polio, and sorrow of his wife which are the other highlights of the story as well. The narrator was touched with the music and felt its power that let him faced his pain right then. On the other hand, one of the cons if the ending could have been different is the possibility that the impact to the readers of the novel might be towards the negative side. There is also the possibility of discontinuity of thoughts of the story. If the style of the ending would be changed too, the impact of the story and its purpose is diverted or changed. But with the prowess of Baldwin in writing, even with a different ending this might not occur.

Free Essays on The Effects Of Divorce On Adults And Children

The divorce rate has risen since the 1950’s. In the 1950’s, divorce was looked down upon. No matter what happened between both partners, they still had to stick together. Marriage was a sort of set rule for people in those days. They were suppose to teach their children that divorce was not right by staying with each other even though they were not happy at all. Whitehead feels that it is best when both partners divorce as long as it makes them happier that way. A couple should not have to stay with each other and suffer because it will only bring pain to themselves and their children. The 1950’s was a very strict era where divorce rarely happened and not talked about at all if it did happen. â€Å"For most of the nation’s history, divorce was a rare occurrence and an insignificant feature of family and social relationships†(Whitehead, 620). Everyone had to have a perfect family, it was never said that both parents did not have problems, but they were suppose to work things out amongst each other to set an example for their children. The rates have really risen since then because it is felt that if a person is not happy in a relationship that this person should end it. â€Å"At the same time, splitting up has become an even more entrenched fact of American life. About 38,800 people were married last year in Maryland, and about 17,000 were divorced. In Howard County Circuit Court, there are more divorce cases filed than any other type of case†(O’Hagen). Because of these high rate before couples marry they go through a certa in amount of hours of marriage counseling. This is supposed to decrease the rate of divorce. Divorce is such a big issue that it should be thought about before taking action upon. It is thought to being a sin in some religions. When both parents take those vows to be with each other till death do part, they are suppose to take heed to those vows because they are taking those vows in the ... Free Essays on The Effects Of Divorce On Adults And Children Free Essays on The Effects Of Divorce On Adults And Children The divorce rate has risen since the 1950’s. In the 1950’s, divorce was looked down upon. No matter what happened between both partners, they still had to stick together. Marriage was a sort of set rule for people in those days. They were suppose to teach their children that divorce was not right by staying with each other even though they were not happy at all. Whitehead feels that it is best when both partners divorce as long as it makes them happier that way. A couple should not have to stay with each other and suffer because it will only bring pain to themselves and their children. The 1950’s was a very strict era where divorce rarely happened and not talked about at all if it did happen. â€Å"For most of the nation’s history, divorce was a rare occurrence and an insignificant feature of family and social relationships†(Whitehead, 620). Everyone had to have a perfect family, it was never said that both parents did not have problems, but they were suppose to work things out amongst each other to set an example for their children. The rates have really risen since then because it is felt that if a person is not happy in a relationship that this person should end it. â€Å"At the same time, splitting up has become an even more entrenched fact of American life. About 38,800 people were married last year in Maryland, and about 17,000 were divorced. In Howard County Circuit Court, there are more divorce cases filed than any other type of case†(O’Hagen). Because of these high rate before couples marry they go through a certa in amount of hours of marriage counseling. This is supposed to decrease the rate of divorce. Divorce is such a big issue that it should be thought about before taking action upon. It is thought to being a sin in some religions. When both parents take those vows to be with each other till death do part, they are suppose to take heed to those vows because they are taking those vows in the ...

A Biography of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel

A Biography of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel Erwin Rommel was born at Heidenheim, Germany on November 15, 1891, to Professor Erwin Rommel and Helene von Luz. Educated locally, he displayed a high degree of technical aptitude at an early age. Though he considered becoming an engineer, Rommel was encouraged by his father to join 124th WÃ ¼rttemberg Infantry Regiment as an officer cadet in 1910. Sent to Officer Cadet School in Danzig, he graduated the following year and was commissioned as a lieutenant on January 27, 1912. While at school, Rommel met his future wife, Lucia Mollin, who he married on November 27, 1916. World War I With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, Rommel moved to the Western Front with the 6th WÃ ¼rttemberg Infantry Regiment. Wounded that September, he was awarded the Iron Cross, First Class. Returning to action, he was transferred to the WÃ ¼rttemberg Mountain Battalion of the elite Alpenkorps in the fall of 1915. With this unit, Rommel saw service on both fronts and won the Pour le MÃ ©rite for his actions during the Battle of Caporetto in 1917. Promoted to captain, he finished the war in a staff assignment. After the armistice, he returned to his regiment at Weingarten. The Interwar Years Though recognized as a gifted officer, Rommel elected to remain with the troops rather than serve in a staff position. Moving through various postings in the Reichswehr, Rommel became an instructor at the Dresden Infantry School in 1929. In this position, he wrote several notable training manuals, including Infanterie greift an (Infantry Attack) in 1937. Catching the eye of Adolf Hitler, the work led the German leader to assign Rommel as a liaison between the War Ministry and the Hitler Youth. In this role, he provided instructors to the Hitler Youth and launched a failed attempt to make it an army auxiliary. Promoted to colonel in 1937, the following year he was made the commandant of the War Academy at Wiener Neustadt. This posting proved brief as he was soon appointed to lead Hitlers personal bodyguard (FÃ ¼hrerBegleitbataillon). As the commander of this unit, Rommel gained frequent access to Hitler and soon became one of his favorite officers. The position also allowed him to befriend Joseph Goebbels, who became an admirer and later used his propaganda apparatus to chronicle Rommels battlefield exploits. With the beginning of World War II, Rommel escorted Hitler at the Polish front. In France Eager for a combat command, Rommel asked Hitler for command of a panzer division despite the fact that the Chief of Army Personnel had rejected his earlier request as he lacked any armor experience. Granting Rommels request, Hitler assigned him to lead the 7th Panzer Division with the rank of general-major. Quickly learning the art of armored, mobile warfare, he prepared for the invasion of the Low Countries and France. Part of General Hermann Hoths XV Corps, the 7th Panzer Division advanced boldly on May 10, with Rommel ignoring risks to his flanks and relying on shock to carry the day. So rapid were the divisions movements that it earned the name the Ghost Division due to the surprise it frequently achieved. Though Rommel was achieving victory, issues arose as he preferred to command from the front leading to logistical and staff problems within his headquarters. Defeating a British counterattack at Arras on May 21, his men pushed on, reaching Lille six days later. Given the 5th Panzer Division for the assault on the town, Rommel learned that he had been awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross at Hitlers personal behest. The award annoyed other German officers who resented Hitlers favoritism and Rommels increasing habit of diverting resources to his division. Taking Lille, he famously reached the coast on June 10, before turning south. After the armistice, Hoth praised Rommels achievements but expressed concern over his judgment and suitability for higher command. In reward for his performance in France, Rommel was given command of the newly formed Deutsches Afrikakorps which was departing for North Africa to prop up Italian forces in the wake of their defeat during Operation Compass. The Desert Fox Arriving in Libya in February 1941, Rommel was under orders to hold the line and at most conduct limited offensive operations. Technically under the command of the Italian Comando Supremo, Rommel quickly seized the initiative. Beginning a small attack on the British at El Agheila on March 24, he advanced with one German and two Italian divisions. Driving the British back, he continued the offensive and re-captured all of Cyrenaica, reaching Gazala on April 8. Pressing on, despite orders from Rome and Berlin ordering him to halt, Rommel laid siege to the port of Tobruk and drove the British back to Egypt (Map). In Berlin, an irate German Chief of Staff General Franz Halder commented that Rommel had gone stark mad in North Africa. Attacks against Tobruk repeatedly failed and Rommels men suffered from severe logistical issues due to their long supply lines. After defeating two British attempts to relieve Tobruk, Rommel was elevated to lead Panzer Group Africa which comprised the bulk of Axis forces in North Africa. In November 1941, Rommel was forced to retreat when the British launched Operation Crusader which relieved Tobruk and compelled him to fall all the way back to El Agheila. Quickly re-forming and resupplying, Rommel counterattacked in January 1942, causing the British to prepare defenses at Gazala. Assaulting this position in classic blitzkrieg fashion on May 26, Rommel shattered the British positions and sent them in headlong retreat back to Egypt. For this, he was promoted to field marshal. Pursuing, he captured Tobruk before being halted at the First Battle of El Alamein in July. With his supply lines dangerously long and desperate to take Egypt, he attempted an offensive at Alam Halfa in late August but was halted. Forced on the defensive, Rommels supply situation continued to deteriorate and his command was shattered during the Second Battle of El Alamein two months later. Retreating to Tunisia, Rommel was caught between the advancing British Eight Army and Anglo-American forces which had landed as part of Operation Torch. Though he bloodied the US II Corps at Kasserine Pass in February 1943, the situation continued to worsen and he finally turned over command and departed Africa for health reasons on March 9. Normandy Returning to Germany, Rommel briefly moved through commands in Greece and Italy before being posted to lead Army Group B in France. Tasked with defending the beaches from the inevitable Allied landings, he worked diligently to improve the Atlantic Wall. Though initially believing that Normandy would be the target, he came to agree with most German leaders that the assault would be at Calais. Away on leave when the invasion began on June 6, 1944, he raced back to Normandy and coordinated German defensive efforts around Caen. Remaining in the area, he was badly wounded on July 17 when his staff car was strafed by Allied aircraft. The July 20 Plot Early in 1944, several of Rommels friends approached him regarding a plot to depose Hitler. Agreeing to aid them in February, he wished to see Hitler brought to trial rather than assassinated. In the wake of the failed attempt to kill Hitler on July 20, Rommels name was betrayed to the Gestapo. Due to Rommels popularity, Hitler wished to avoid the scandal of revealing his involvement. As a result, Rommel was given the option of committing suicide and his family receiving protection or going before the Peoples Court and his family persecuted. Electing for the former, he took a cyanide pill on October 14. Rommels death was originally reported to the German people as a heart attack and he was given a full state funeral.

International Alliance Case-Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Alliance Case-Writing - Assignment Example Alliances can be ‘equity alliances’ or ‘non equity alliances; specifically, joint ventures may involve a hierarchical control from a parent entity (Hennart J., 1988). Prior experience and robust infrastructure are considered during alliance partner selection. Success of a corporate alliance is measured in terms of the value addition imparted due to the combined activities of the parties involved. This is achieved through a well defined ‘Alliance Strategy’ which involves a proper design, appropriate monitoring, governance and performance management processes. I would like to elaborate on the ‘KLM and Northwest Alliance’, which was the first integrated airline alliance in history. The association between the two airlines began in 1991 with joint ‘code – sharing’ and went on to form a major ‘Trans-Atlantic Joint Venture’. A peculiar characteristic of this joint venture was the absence of a new legal entity. KL M and Northwest entered into an ‘Open Sky agreement’ and ‘Anti-trust immunity’ in 1993 and thus formed a globally renowned unit. As is true with most alliances, this contract was designed specifically to support and strengthen the competitive advantages of the partners (Liana M., Nicoleta B and Dana P., 2009). KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, incorporated in 1919, was based out of Amsterdam. KLM was a regional leader but wanted to expand its network to many cities in the US. A company cannot be solely viewed as an individual unit; rather, it is subject to interactions with various other bodies, constantly striving to foster good inter-organizational ties and relations. Around the late 1980s, due to liberalization and de-regulation of markets, free competition prevailed in the European airline industry. KLM realized the need to collaborate and co-operate with airlines based out of other countries, in order to maximize their global connectivity. KLM invested in a de tailed process of partner selection and finally zeroed in on Northwest Airlines due to its international reputation, vast experience with passenger as well as cargo transport and its dominance in the US market. A strong proposal was made to develop collaboration between an American and a European carrier to achieve competitive costs, expansion of their network and greater revenue. Northwest Airlines began its operations in 1926 and was a medium-sized airline carrier, focussing more on flights in the United States to Asia, but rarely to the European regions. Despite their stronghold in the US regions, Northwest had, by then, earned poor points for service quality and did not have the funds or infrastructure to individually scale up on mega proportions. Northwest realized the need to explore wider opportunities in Amsterdam, the European sector and expand their operations accordingly. Contrary to KLM, Northwest did not go through a very fine partner selection process and chose KLM as its alliance partner owing to their pre-existing ownership in Northwest. It is acknowledged that the main theoretical motivations for the formation of joint ventures include reduction in transaction costs, strategic competitive positioning or market power and a quest for organizational learning and knowledge development (Gulati, 1998). It is on a similar model that the two airlines, KLM and Northwest, came into an alliance in a bid to enhance

Effects of globalization on national food cultures Term Paper

Effects of globalization on national food cultures - Term Paper Example Nowadays, local communities are abundant in their own local cuisines, and they have access to fast food chains like McDonalds and other foreign dishes simultaneously. The increasing trend of fast food culture is significantly affecting lifestyle and health of youth globally, and they are now carrying the burden of poor nutritional practices and obesity. Thus, Globalisation has very negative effects on national food culture, which extends to the effects on national cuisines and food, impact on health and obesity, and economic impact on local food market. To begin with, Globalisation is significantly influencing the national food culture by affecting the national cuisines and food. One can observe a growing importance for imported foreign foods, which is affecting the relevance of local cuisines and national food culture. In many nations, food is an integral part of culture and over exposure to foreign goods due to Globalisation is becoming a major threat to the cultural identity of these nations. To illustrate, according to the Levin Institute report (n.d.), the French has their own culinary tradition with unique cuisines like crepes and pastries, and they are quite resistant to US cultural imperialism especially in the case of food culture (p. 180). But with the crowding of several US restaurant chains in urban regions which produce unhealthy and greasy burgers and processed food, recent statistics prove that urban population of France is suffering from eating related problems and obesity. Hence, according to the Levin Institute re port, increased trend of fast food brought by Globalisation is forcing people to take food of lower quality. As per the same survey, in China, children were not expected to buy food using their own money, and there were no festivities in celebrating birth date. But with the introduction of McDonald’s restaurant, more and more children begin to buy

For Academic Purpose - Ceo Speech to Prospective Investors Essay Example for Free

For Academic Purpose Ceo Speech to Prospective Investors Essay It is my utmost pleasure to be able to welcome you here today in Tek Comfort Zone (ITZ) General Investors and Prospective Investors Quarterly meeting. Tek Comfort Zone is the Caribbean premier producer of ostentatious â€Å"State of the Art Furniture† with electronic built-in and plug-ins accessories that provides superior comfort and quality solutions through custom design, manufacturing, installation and support. Our fast growing clients include Five Stars Hotels, business tycoons, celebrities and a host of others in the SHOW BIZZ. TCZ does not only strive to maintain its leading position as Caribbean â€Å"N ° 1† State of the Art Furniture† Producer, but also to expand in novelty and quality that steers a higher level of customer satisfaction alongside profit maximization. This whole process has involved an integration of mission, objectives, implementation and evaluation; a proper time, cost, quality and human resources management: and a critical maintenance of all forms of motivations. The company is made up of 45 staff members. Briefly, it is headed by a CEO, with two Directors (Director of Production and Director of Budget) answerable to him. They direct the two sectors of the company (Production and Budget). The Budget sector has two managers (Purchase Manager and Sales Manager) answerable to the Director of Budget. Immediately under the Purchase Manager is the Accounting Supervisor, and directly under the Sales Manager is the Sales Supervisor. The Sales Supervisor oversees six employers while the Account Supervisor has five employees under his control. Meanwhile in the Production Sector only one manager (Manufacturing Manager) is answerable to the Director of Productions. Directly under the Manufacturing Manager are the Inventory Supervisor and Operations Supervisor. The Inventory Supervisor oversees 10 employees while the Operations Supervisor supervises 14 employees. This well structured organizational flow is mindful of effective communications, job duplications, conflict and other factors that can affect a team spirit and job dexterity. Dear investors as a result of this strategy, TCZ has grown substantially faster than the global â€Å"State Of The Arts Furniture† market. While the global market as a whole grew just 5%, ours increased by 13%. An important source of revenue, the delivery of unrivalled bed, mattress and electronics charges, increased 18%, although the market saw a 1% decrease. Our pro-forma operating margin improved to 28. 3%, an increase of half a percentage point. We took additional market share away from our direct competitors in the ‘State of Arts Furniture’ market, gaining one percentage point year-on-year, which takes us to a market share of approximately 21%. We thus sell approximately two and a half times more unrivaled electronic beds and, mattress than our nearest competitor, who had been the leading producer for 18 years, before we ever dominated the market Our main competitor is the ABC State of Arts Furniture Ltd. They are the longest in the market and have dominated the premier role for 18 years. They are known for quantity and timely delivery. Unlike our competitors we added other important ingredients such as quality, novelty and frequent customer satisfaction research. This accounted for why we have emerged as the leading company in the market for the past five years. Our few years of existence in the market would have attracted fear and false judgements from prospective investors against our maturity, stability and long-term success and survival. Without any doubt I can assure you that we are on the right path. How? Before our company could even kick off, we had carefully learned from the errors of others who have been in business many years before us. We carefully analysed their strengths and weaknesses. For example we learned never to preach what we cannot live by (meaning our quality must match our propaganda). This is the root of loss of public confidence. We also learned that a strategy should not be considered only because of its promises in the short-term goals, but also because of its sustainability and expansions in the long-term. Importantly, we quickly learned the art of satisfying the consumer with quality and quantity goods and services with a maximisation of profit. And finally we also learned to provide investors with a consistent report of accountability and transparency on every level of attainment of the business. This gives our investors a true sense of ownership in the business. Dear prospective investor, without your investment, ICZ would have just been another brilliant idea. Your choice to invest in into this company is what has made the idea a reality. We not encourage you to maintain your investments, but also to expand them. To our prospective investors, TCZ is the fertile ground for your investment. Grab this opportunity heartily. Your fears should not ponder about the success of the company. Rather the fear should be whether the investment recruiting conditions presently would be stricter since many investors show interest to our company’s philosophy and operations. The investors screening process may become more critical as many investors would Finally to the entire TCZ, may we together applaud our selfless and one-minded efforts that have brought us thus far.

The Impact of the Hippie on American Society :: Hippies, Sociology, 1960s Counterculture

American society and culture experienced an awakening during the 1960s as a result of the diverse civil rights, economic, and political issues it was faced with. At the center of this revolution was the American hippie, the most peculiar and highly influential figure of the time period. Hippies were vital to the American counterculture, fueling a movement to expand awareness and stretch accepted values. The hippies’ solutions to the problems of institutionalized American society were to either participate in mass protests with their alternative lifestyles and radical beliefs or drop out of society completely. The government and the older generations could not understand their way of life. Hippies were often portrayed as criminals, subversive to the morals and best interest of the public. Although misunderstood, the hippie had a great impact throughout the country, still surviving today in American culture. The term â€Å"hippie† itself became a universal term in the late sixties. It originated in a 1967 article in Ramparts, entitled â€Å"The Social History of the Hippies.† Afterward, the name was captured by the mass media as a label for the people of the new movement. (Yablonsky 28) Even before this, the word â€Å"hip† described someone who was â€Å"in† and â€Å"down†, wise to what was going on around him. By the 1960s, some of America’s youth created a gap between themselves and their parents. They grew their hair long because it was natural and therefore considered beautiful. At first, the idea of men with long hair was absurd and society considered it a sign of homosexuality. When it became clear that the establishment felt so strongly about hair, the attitudes of young rebels changed. One young man responded after being questioned about his unkempt appearance: Growing hair does not mean that I am or am not a homosexual. It does mean that I am willing to stand up for my rights as a human being and that includes my right to be harmless to all people. It also indicates my unwillingness to get on the treadmill of killing for a vast machine-like government. If I am scorned and called dirty because I allow hair to grow on my face and my head, then so much the better, for by this I indicate the seriousness of my belief. I scorn the society that has created this monstrous robot-like conformity that feeds the war machine as Hitler found robots to feed his war machine.

The Effect of Multiculturalism in Canadian Society

In terms of education, multiculturalism is becoming increasingly disruptive in Canadian society. It seems that there is a new issue in the media focus regarding education on a weekly basis. It's becoming increasingly apparent that most, if not all issues in recent years stem from the debate of whether to centralize or decentralize our current system of education. Proponents of centralization argue that a standard national system of education will provide all people with access to the same quality of education. On the other hand, proponent†s of decentralization claim that individual educational institutions will provide a level of education that is sensitive to the differing cultures and economic status within a particular area. Both sides contend that their system will provide a higher standard of education while improving the educational opportunities for minorities. Due to the recent investigation by the UN into Ontario's education system, it is appropriate to define what Canadians are entitled to as far as educational rights. The UN proclaims universally that, â€Å"Everyone has the right to education† and that â€Å"education shall be free,† [UN, 1948,Article 26 (1)]. These definitions are very broad and far-reaching, and are rarely adhered to as fundamental human rights. â€Å"Many governments are inclined to define human rights in the manner most convenient to suiting their own political interests. † (Boutros Butros Ghali, 1993). Essentially, there is no benchmark that compels any government education system to provide for a multicultural society. It should be interesting to see what the UN will say about the Canadian education system and whether or not they will set standard in education for a multicultural society such as ours. With no hard and fast guidelines how should the education system in Canada operate in order to become an integrative force in Canada. The most prevailing school of though in Canada regarding education is its standardization and centralization. The provincial Government is responsible for developing and implementing of public education policy as long as they are in power. The Harris government has implemented and proposed many ideas for the centralization and standardization of education in the province of Ontario. These policies are aimed at conserving tax dollars and the elimination of the wasteful bureaucracies infecting our education system. Also the provincial government is taking steps to standardize the level of education received by students in Ontario. Programs like standardized testing for teachers and students as well as the standardization of the curriculum were implemented. These programs are intended to provide all students regardless of race or economic standing in any area of the province and equal opportunity to succeed. These initiatives are part and parcel of increased demand by the Federal government to have Canadian students rise to â€Å"levels equivalent to those achieved by students in Asia and Europe. † (Lightbody, pg. 265) These steps however pay little heed to other cultures in the education system. All courses on history or culture at the high school level are aimed to familiarize students with the traditions, philosophy, literature and history of the western world. Proponents argue that this action is appropriate since our country is based on a democracy founded in European ideals of government. It is also claimed that there would not be enough time in the current school year to educate students on every culture that has contributed to the construction of our society. Proponents for centralization seem to prefer the â€Å"middle of the road approach† when making decisions on curriculum. It is argued that trying to push the subject of multiculturalism too far would actually be a hindrance. Over emphasis of multiculturalism may interfere with a student†s participation in other groups, or worse, hold a child back from expressing his or her individuality. (Ryan 137) In other words, an education system that is equal is equal for all that use it. An all-encompassing education system provides the same level of education for all involved, and should not pay preference to any one individual culture. This type of system has come under fire from groups such as: Natives, isolated communities, minorities, and women†s groups since the system is incapable of attending to their particular needs. For example, the Oakland California School Board's introduction of a controversial Ebonics policy. This policy was countered immediately with the creation of a bill that would penalize schools who support the instruction of Ebonics by restricting funding. Teaching courses in Ebonics can severely handicap a student in North America. Almost every facet of business, education, and government is conducted in proper English. This is a good example of how an absurd attempt to be considerate towards a minority hinders the progress of the education system. Diversions such as these take the attention away from sensible attempts to structure the education system in a way that benefits everyone fairly (If there is such a thing). In today†s society this type of education does not seem to be a progressive step for Canadians. An example of this is the creation of Affirmative action programs. In the U. S. blacks are experiencing an unemployment rate of nearly twice that of whites, Canadian figures I assume are relatively similar. â€Å"Affirmative action was designed to give qualified minorities a chance to compete on equal footing with whites. These programs create widespread resentment for minorities by Caucasians and thus hindering the development of society. Meanwhile the implementers of these programs ignore the reasons why these programs need to be created. They have even gone as far as claiming, â€Å"Few can argue that racism is still rampant in awarding contracts, jobs, and educational opportunities, even though it†s been proven beneficial to have people of different races with different ideas and different experiences working toward the same goal† (Chappell, 1996) The other school of thought in regards to education is the creation of what is known as a chartered school. A chartered school is run nearly autonomously with little interference by government (other than partial funding) or bureaucracies. It is intended to allow for increased local participation in decision making, and to save money by cutting down on costly administration and foster innovation through competition. (Lawton pg. 23). With competition, schools would have a greater incentive to improve itself in all aspects. Most advances would take place in the creation of new programs, providing access to higher levels of technology, and structuring curriculum with sensitivity to the ethnic make-up in its surrounding area. These schools would be developed and influenced by the parents of the students, teachers, other community members and even corporate sponsors. One of the major benefits of this type of school would be an increased response time in educational demands due to a lack of bureaucratic posturing and unnecessary collective bargaining agreements. Essentially, the organization will perform better since the programs implemented or any decisions made will affect those who make them. Supporters believe that this will hold a charter school accountable for improving and achieving its stated goals. Therefore, a school located in a particularly ethnically rich area can provide a form of education more appropriate culturally for it†s students. If a school is to be successful then it will have to be very aware of the demands placed on it by the area in which it is located. If it is not then it will risk failure. Parents will move their children to another school if they feel that their child is not being provided with an acceptable education. A centralized school system would be unable to respond to local needs due to broad general policies made by distant bureaucrats. These schools however will be partially funded by the government, with more money being allocated to the successful schools who attract more students. Presently there are eight chartered schools operating in Alberta out of a legislated maximum of 15. Other Provincial governments may be considering the implementation of charter schools but the idea is still new in Canada and there are numbers or studies that assess the performance of the existing schools in Alberta. The fundamental hindrance of a charter school is that it serves its community but not the nation. The increased response to community needs may in fact serve to increase the segregation among cultures in Canada. Also, lower income families will not be able to send their children to more successful schools for many reasons such as the cost of transportation and the cost of living in a particular area. The same could possibly apply to different cultures. The opportunity for a culturally rich education may be limited to location, and financial position. The result being that they would be no better off than they are now. The issue of multiculturalism will always plague the education system in Canada. There is no proven method of teaching all the students in a class in a manner that preserves their culture while affording them the same opportunities as everyone else. The centralization of education almost ignores the need for cultural understanding between ethnically different people. It supports itself on the idea that if all schools teach the same thing, students will be afforded the same opportunities. But how does the government decide what is best for each individual? Does majority rule apply in the education system as well? On the other hand the de-centralization of the school system provides for more community oriented schools that strive for improvement through competition. The idea of a problem free multicultural society can not be realized if we draw lines in the sand. We must act for the development of the nation, and the maintenance for the culture. Both views essentially try to answer two important questions asked by Canadians at once. First, how do you reduce the level of bureaucracy and reduce wasted tax dollars. Secondly, they attempt to answer the looming question of equality and the creation of a multicultural society in Canada today.

Brave New World.

The Ideal Women Brave New World is a fantasy of the future that sheds a blazing critical light on the present. Huxley says â€Å"Community, Identity, Stability† is the motto of this utopian World State, the motto of this utopia is the opposite of how this world really exists. Huxley’s description of the new world is a dystopia. Lenina is a futuristic model of the modern women. She is one of the idolized women of this dystopia. The role of women in this society is promotes promiscuity and drug use.Linda on the other hand, had a very different experience then Lenina as women of this New World. Huxley embodies the trials and tribulations that these women deal with. In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley uses the characters Lenina and Linda to show the role of women in this society. From the novel Brave New World Lenina is the ideal woman in this society. She conforms to the standards that are set for the women in the new world. As Lenina talks to Bernarsd, she says, â€Å"And how can you talk like that about not wanting to be a part of the social body?After all, everyone works for everybody else† (Huxley 91). This means that Lenina accepts the idea. In addition to that, Lenina does not believe in monogamy; she is very promiscuous, as every other woman is in the society; promiscuity is an accepted belief in this society. When Fanny talks to Lenina about seeing the same man for too long, she starts to lecture her about how wrong it really is: â€Å"And you know how strongly the D. H. C objects to anything intense or long drawn.Four months of Henry Foster without having another man–why he’d be furious if he knew† (Huxley 41). Lenina accepts the idea of promiscuity, which makes her the ideal women of the society; she follows by their standards. Not only does the society use promiscuity to control the population, but also promote the use of soma. One of the states mottos is â€Å"a gramme in time saves nine†. This means that they promote the use of a dangerous drug called soma (Huxley 89).Lenina’s brain is conformed to the idea that soma is the means of living. Soma is a drug that replaces reality with happy hallucinations. Aldous Huxley shows how Lenina is a typical character, an ideal role model of the New World; she conforms to all the ideas and rules of this society. On the other hand, Linda has a different experience than Lenina. Linda was once a member of the New World, but during a visit to the reservation she hit her head and when she could not be found, she was left there.Linda’s stay on the reservation was different from the New World: â€Å"So they are having children all the time-like dogs. It’s revolting† (Huxley 122). This means that, unlike the new world, the natives believed in families and having children the traditional way, other than the new world which uses the Bokanovsky process. Natives also did not believe in promiscuity;they thought of promiscuity as revolting. As Linda states, â€Å"Well, here the other people went on, nobody’s supposed to belong to more than one person†. (Huxley 121).This is important because this statement depicts the women of the reservation are traditional, meaning sleeping around with other men is not acceptable. When Linda was caught sleeping with other men, the women were angry and cruel to Linda. Linda also was not able to take soma. Linda says, â€Å"I suppose John told you. What I had to suffer—and not a gramme of soma to be had† (Huxley 120). This means that the reservation did not use soma; it was not a desirable drug. Even though Linda was once a member of the New World, she was a savage; her experience was contrasting than Lenina’s.By using Lenina and Linda Aldous Huxley shows two different stories and experiences from two different women brought up in the same world. Lenina’s life in the new world has an altered appearance than Linda who lives in the rese rvation. Bernard describes Linda as â€Å"so fat. And all the lines in her face, the flabbiness, the wrinkles† (Huxley 119). This is important because it describes Linda’s different appearance now that she lives on the reservation, when she lived in the New World Linda had more youthful appearance, like Lenina.Linda also missed the use of Soma; hen Linda returns back to the New World, â€Å"She took as much as twenty grammes a day† Linda is again dependent on soma. Even though Linda through unfortunate events became a savage, she has the same beliefs that Lenina also has. In conclusion, Lenina and Linda are both an ideal woman of the New World, both women depict the typical woman. Even though they went through different experiences their moral, standards, and values are the same. Works Cited Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York: HarperCollins , 1989. Print. Brave New World. The Ideal Women Brave New World is a fantasy of the future that sheds a blazing critical light on the present. Huxley says â€Å"Community, Identity, Stability† is the motto of this utopian World State, the motto of this utopia is the opposite of how this world really exists. Huxley’s description of the new world is a dystopia. Lenina is a futuristic model of the modern women. She is one of the idolized women of this dystopia. The role of women in this society is promotes promiscuity and drug use.Linda on the other hand, had a very different experience then Lenina as women of this New World. Huxley embodies the trials and tribulations that these women deal with. In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley uses the characters Lenina and Linda to show the role of women in this society. From the novel Brave New World Lenina is the ideal woman in this society. She conforms to the standards that are set for the women in the new world. As Lenina talks to Bernarsd, she says, â€Å"And how can you talk like that about not wanting to be a part of the social body?After all, everyone works for everybody else† (Huxley 91). This means that Lenina accepts the idea. In addition to that, Lenina does not believe in monogamy; she is very promiscuous, as every other woman is in the society; promiscuity is an accepted belief in this society. When Fanny talks to Lenina about seeing the same man for too long, she starts to lecture her about how wrong it really is: â€Å"And you know how strongly the D. H. C objects to anything intense or long drawn.Four months of Henry Foster without having another man–why he’d be furious if he knew† (Huxley 41). Lenina accepts the idea of promiscuity, which makes her the ideal women of the society; she follows by their standards. Not only does the society use promiscuity to control the population, but also promote the use of soma. One of the states mottos is â€Å"a gramme in time saves nine†. This means that they promote the use of a dangerous drug called soma (Huxley 89).Lenina’s brain is conformed to the idea that soma is the means of living. Soma is a drug that replaces reality with happy hallucinations. Aldous Huxley shows how Lenina is a typical character, an ideal role model of the New World; she conforms to all the ideas and rules of this society. On the other hand, Linda has a different experience than Lenina. Linda was once a member of the New World, but during a visit to the reservation she hit her head and when she could not be found, she was left there.Linda’s stay on the reservation was different from the New World: â€Å"So they are having children all the time-like dogs. It’s revolting† (Huxley 122). This means that, unlike the new world, the natives believed in families and having children the traditional way, other than the new world which uses the Bokanovsky process. Natives also did not believe in promiscuity;they thought of promiscuity as revolting. As Linda states, â€Å"Well, here the other people went on, nobody’s supposed to belong to more than one person†. (Huxley 121).This is important because this statement depicts the women of the reservation are traditional, meaning sleeping around with other men is not acceptable. When Linda was caught sleeping with other men, the women were angry and cruel to Linda. Linda also was not able to take soma. Linda says, â€Å"I suppose John told you. What I had to suffer—and not a gramme of soma to be had† (Huxley 120). This means that the reservation did not use soma; it was not a desirable drug. Even though Linda was once a member of the New World, she was a savage; her experience was contrasting than Lenina’s.By using Lenina and Linda Aldous Huxley shows two different stories and experiences from two different women brought up in the same world. Lenina’s life in the new world has an altered appearance than Linda who lives in the rese rvation. Bernard describes Linda as â€Å"so fat. And all the lines in her face, the flabbiness, the wrinkles† (Huxley 119). This is important because it describes Linda’s different appearance now that she lives on the reservation, when she lived in the New World Linda had more youthful appearance, like Lenina.Linda also missed the use of Soma; hen Linda returns back to the New World, â€Å"She took as much as twenty grammes a day† Linda is again dependent on soma. Even though Linda through unfortunate events became a savage, she has the same beliefs that Lenina also has. In conclusion, Lenina and Linda are both an ideal woman of the New World, both women depict the typical woman. Even though they went through different experiences their moral, standards, and values are the same. Works Cited Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York: HarperCollins , 1989. Print.

The Lost Boys Horror Genre Essays

The Lost Boys Horror Genre Essays The Lost Boys Horror Genre Paper The Lost Boys Horror Genre Paper The Lost Boys by Joel Schumacher exploits some conventions of the horror genre yet also inverts others. Like in any horror film, they come with the creaking doors, intense music and desire to solve all mysteries including the unexplained and the film, The Lost Boys doesn’t fall short. This vampire filled, popcorn flick includes many of the standard features of the horror genre but also includes inverted and reversed some conventions. To start off, the most obvious aspect of the horror genre that is in this film is vampires as they are a supernatural creature. The Vampires in the film are what you would expect; blood-sucking beasts with their sharp teeth, which sleep upside down, cast no reflection and who are afraid of sunlight. But that’s not all of it. There is an evil leader in the film, who is Max but this isn’t evident until the end of the film because he was seen as an innocent man from Lucy’s eyes which meant she was constantly defending him. Also when he was invited over by Lucy, he made the man of the house, Michael invite him inside which in a way, hide his true identity. Therefore when the Frog brothers conducted a series of tests trying to prove that he was a vampire, they all indicate that he was human. The music in the film is strange, circus like with an evil twist at times. A good example of this is at the start of the film, when the lost boys are at the carnival on a merry-go-around and there is circus music playing which slowly changes into a more sinister sound with a thump in the background because of the change of scene. By fading different types of music, it creates a more suspenseful mood. Throughout the film, there is also non-diegetic and discordant music which forms dramatic effects throughout the film. As well as following some of the usual characteristics of a horror film, Schumacher inverts and reverses some conventions. The most inverted convention that stands out, is how The Lost Boys explores notions of family that include the single parent family being Lucy, the boys and the family of vampires lead by father figure Max. At all times Max appears to have his â€Å"families† interests at heart which is a paradox is some ways because we perceive vampires to be evil and not kindly. This shows the reversal of the convention and the notions of vampires. Max also hoped to have a â€Å"fairytale† ending with the blending of his family and Lucy’s but it didn’t work out as he envisaged and this is parodied at the end of The Lost Boys. The main reversal in the film is the character of Grandpa. What everyone would perceive to be as a normal Grandpa is fairly the opposite of the character in this film. He’s a joker who drinks root beer and lives in a creepy house with dead stuffed animals. An example of Grandpa playing jokes is when Lucy and the boys arrive at his house and he is lying on the porch pretending to be dead. This creates anticlimax which would mainly fall into the standard conventions of a horror film. Another example is at the end of the film when all the vampires are killed and Grandpa goes to the fridge to get a drink and says Something I never could stomach about Santa Carla, all the damn vampires! which indicates that he knew about the vampires all along. Overall, Grandpa is an unusual character that adds plenty of humour to the film. In this Teen vampire flick, it isnt exactly the scariest horror movie ever made. In fact, the ridiculously over-sized 80s hairstyles on show are probably more frightening than the teeth. Come to think of it, its not exactly the funniest comedy youre ever likely to come across either. But theres just something about its 50-50 mix of the two genres of horror and comedy that just works out fantastically well. By inverting and reversing the usual conventions of the horror genre, it made this film one of a kind and a classic.

The Secret Power of Your Mind

The Secret Power of Your Mind Your mind is a very powerful thing, and most of us take it for granted. We believe we arent in control of what we think because our thoughts seem to fly in and out all day long. But you are in control of your thoughts, and you become what you think about. And that little kernel of truth is the secret power of the mind.   Its really not a secret after all. The power is available to every single person, including you. And its free. The secret is that you are what you think. You become what you think about. You can create the life you want, simply by thinking the right thoughts. Earl Nightingale on The Strangest Secret In 1956, Earl Nightingale wrote The Strangest Secret in an attempt to teach people the power of the mind, the power of thought. He said, you become what you think about all day long. Nightingales inspiration came from Napoleon Hills book, Think and Grow Rich, published in 1937. For 75 years (and likely long before that), this simple secret has been taught to adults around the world. At the very least, the knowledge has been available to us. How the Power of the Mind Can Work to Improve Your Life We are creatures of habit. We tend to follow the picture in our minds created by our parents, our neighborhoods, our towns and the part of the world from which we come. For good or for bad. But we dont have to. We each have a mind of our own, capable of imagining life the way we want it. We can say yes or no to the million choices we each encounter every single day. Sometimes its good to say no, of course, or we wouldnt get anything at all done. But the most successful people say yes to life overall. They are open to possibilities. They believe they have the power to make changes in their lives. They arent afraid to try new things  or to fail. In fact, many of the most successful companies reward people who have the courage to try new things, even if they fail, because the things we call failures often turn into extremely successful things. Did you know Post-It Notes were a mistake in the beginning? How to Use the Power of Your Mind Start imagining your life the way you want it. Create a picture in your mind and think about that picture steadfastly all day long. Believe in it. You dont have to tell anybody. Have your own quiet confidence that you can make the picture in your mind come true. You will start making different choices in line with your picture. You will take small steps in the right direction. Youll also encounter obstacles. Dont let these obstacles stop you. If you hold your picture of the life you want steadfast in your mind, you will eventually create that life. What have you got to lose? Close your eyes and start now. You will become what you think about.

Quantum Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quantum Technology - Essay Example Classical mechanics preceded quantum mechanics which is entirely the basis of quantum technology. â€Å"A team of researchers, including members of the University of Chicago’s Institute for Molecular Engineering, highlight the power of emerging quantum technologies...† (Koppes 2013). The emerging quantum technologies were realized after scientists drew more focus on microscopic objects from the macros in classical mechanics. The realm of quantum technology aims at changing the way scientists view technology in attempts to better living standard across all spheres of life. â€Å"The first quantum technology that harnesses quantum mechanical effects for its core operation has arrived in the form of commercially available quantum key distribution systems’’ (O’brien et. al. 2009). In the field of quantum computing, the technology promises to develop a secured information system that will challenge snoopers, hackers and prevent cyber-attacks. This will be realized by subjecting quantum cryptography as elaborated in an article by National University of Singapore (2014). In the very article Stephanie Wehner affirms that "quantum technologies will gradually become integrated with existing devices such as smart phones, allowing us to do things like identify ourselves securely or generate encryption keys". In the future wheel of quantum technology, one of the core primary effects lies in its ability to drive the next generation computing technology.

Elliott West Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Elliott West Analysis - Essay Example Therefore, west systematically presents an account of how geography, animals, weather, and climate shaped the life and experience of both the Euro- Americans and the natives of this region. West introduces the text by explaining how the history of these Great Plains is much more than â€Å"changing the Indians and the gold rush.†1 Rather to offer a broader experience of the people in the Great Plains, West critically examines the physical biological and environmental factors, and the effects which resulted from the interaction of these issues. Therefore, West offers a more broad account of the events in the Great Plains, and how these events interplayed to define the lives of people in this region; not only the rush to exploit the gold by gold seekers, in the Great Plains. â€Å"The contested plains are a significant contribution to the growing field of environmental history.†2 The conflict in the Great Plains was a remarkable event, which would later have a remarkable account on environment in history. This is well portrayed when West takes the reader through many centuries through different adaptations to the central Plains while at the same time stressing on the physical and biological constraints of the inhabitants of these plains. However, West puts some emphasis on the environment, and cultural impact of the Colorado gold rush, which marked several instances of clashes between the American military forces and the Cheyenne in 1857 at Solomon River and 1869 at Summit Springs. 3 The native inhabitants in the plains had well established trade patterns throughout the plains, battling constantly with the drastic climate and severe environmental changes. The people were remarkably successful, and established a â€Å"sustaining way of life.†4 The diverse cultures in this region, which formed a complex ecological complex,

The Beat Generation & The Hippie Movement Research Paper

The Beat Generation & The Hippie Movement - Research Paper Example However, the first youth upheavals - clumsy, without any clear program, but rough and wild, began in the 1950s and paved the way for the successors. The Beat Generation as a cultural phenomenon clearly manifested itself in the early and mid 1950s. Kerouac, who coined the term, stated that it derives from the word â€Å"beatitude† – beat and attitude – attitude towards life of an anti-conformist generation with a unique world outlook which strives for spiritual communion, infinite love and bliss. There are many interpretations of that Kerouac‘s â€Å"beat†. A young beatnik as a media stereotype of the movement is â€Å"broken†, â€Å"crushed†, â€Å"worn out† and â€Å"tired† of the western society of that time. Beatniks were ardent fans of jazz also. That’s why the neologism could be originated by jazz rhythm. The word â€Å"beatnik† appeared in the American language on April 2, 1958 with a helping hand from a San Francisco Chronicle journalist, Pulitzer Prize winner Herb Caen, who used it in his column. He added to the English word â€Å"beat† (taken in any meaning named above) the Russian suffix – â€Å"nik†, taken from the popular Russian word â€Å"sputnik† (satellite), which became international. This research of American subcultures will be inconsistent without mentioning avant-garde Lettrism, inspired by Dada and Surrealism. It deeply influenced postmodern art and society as called to break with old traditions. It was founded in the early 1950s in France by Isidore Isou, a Romanian-born poet. The ideology was based on the postulate of degeneration of words as spoken symbols in the modern world. Therefore, the followers of Lettrism preferred, for example, to write private letters instead of long telephone conversations; write slogans, not novels. The Lettrists also loved to alter state of consciousness and perform. They roamed around the cities and vill ages of America in their weird painted clothes strongly ridiculing the postwar consumer society, banality of mass culture and absurdity of political and social system. The Beat Generation kept apace with the Lettrists. Birthplace of the Beat movement is New York. In the 1950s - early 1960s, a group consisting of artists, writers, poets, among which are Ken Kesey, Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, William Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti and their fans has drawn a large public interest. But the subculture was logically developed and received cult status in California, in particular, in its southern part, associated with the famous Venice beach art colony. It was vividly described in the famous book by Lawrence Lipton – The Holy Barbarians. In the mid-1950s, the Beatniks staged performances named Jazz and Poetry in beach cafes. Their core motif was the representation of the rebellious, colorful spirit of the slums and the attempt to romanticize life of â€Å"white trash† - t he one that has a significant influence on modern American culture to this day. The Beat movement was not massive. But their antagonism toward common values and fatigue from bourgeois contemporaries (hitchhiking trips and hipster way of life of the Kerouac’s heroes in the novels On the Road, Dharma Bums; Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Robert Pirsig), talented immersion in literature (Howl by Ginsberg), forced confrontation (like the one at a mental hospital in Kesey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, where the character of the senior nurse Ratched and the hospital itself are the allusion to the state)) and artistic delights, as well as the desire to turn away from social and political problems and experiments with drugs (novel Junkie and Naked Lunch by Burroughs; The Island and The Doors of Perception by Aldous

Describe The Mandatory Rotation Of Audit Firm Accounting Essay

Describe The Mandatory Rotation Of Audit Firm Accounting Essay Introduction From the 2008 financial crisis, the weakness of audit system has exposed in several aspect. European Parliament and public consider that the auditors fail to play during the financial crisis. The European Commission said that the auditors only consider majority of banks had exposed a great quantity of loss from 2007 to 2009 in both on and off balance sheet in the financial crisis, however, it is a hard work for the public and stakeholders to know how the auditors to give the clean auditing reports to their principal. In addition, the European Commission takes into account preventing the concentration in the audit industry, which including restricting the choices and competition. Further, they also consider the independence of the audit firm and the reduction of the expectation gap. All things the European Commission do is to increase the quality of audit, so they think that the current auditing system should be reform. According to KPMG (2012), because of the failure of auditors in financial crisis, the lobby of small firms and the US has taken action on the independent issue. Meanwhile, in order to adapt to the environments, which contain changes to financial reporting and increasing the risk and going concern issue for the companies. The European Commission came up the proposals on 30th November 2011 to address the matters that appeal in the financial crisis and rebuild the confidence of the audit system. The proposals define the role of auditors and propose more restrict provisions for audit firms. It aim at strengthening the independence and professional skepticism of auditors, making the audit industry more diversification, enforcing the regulation, promote the cross-border stipulation of audit services and relieving the burden of the small and medium-size enterprise. To enhance the independence of audit firm and prevent the concentration of the audit industry is the main purpose of the propos als. The Elliott and Jacobson (1998) suggested that audit independence is an absence of interests that create an unacceptable risk of material bias with respect to the reliability of financial statements. The basic goal of audit is to assure the information which provide to shareholders are reliable. Further, as for audit independence, the direct role is to provide auditing serve and make the cost of capital market more efficiently. Consider about preventing the concentration, should make the audit industry more dynamic, such as decreasing the power of the Big Four audit firm (KPMG, Deloitte, Pricewaterhousecoopers and Ernst Young). In addition, the dynamic of audit market give the opportunities for small and medium-size enterprise to benefit from the internal market. In order to strengthen the independence of audit and make the audit market more dynamic, the European Commission brought up the proposals to perfect the audit system, the key elements of the proposals is mandatory rotation of audit firms, mandatory tendering, non-audit services, and European supervision of the audit sector, Enabling auditors to exercise their profession across Europe, Cutting red tape for smaller auditors. This essay is aim at discussing the issue of mandatory rotation of audit firm, one of the key elements to enhance the independence of audit industry. The essay will divided into three parts, firstly, it will describe the mandatory rotation of audit firms; secondly, it will analyses the argument for and against this issue; finally, it will come to a conclusion. Describe the mandatory rotation of audit firm In order to strengthen the auditor independence, the European Commission is considering introducing mandatory external rotation. In the previous years, only internal rotation is required, which means only auditors should be rotated, because they think that auditors may make less suggestions because the routine activities of audit. However, the internal rotation cannot enhance the independence of the auditors, because the audit firm and audited entity build up partnership, no matter which auditors engage in the audit procedure, they have closely relationship, the independence of auditors cannot be enhanced. Therefore, current environment has suggest that the internal rotation is not sufficient, the external rotation should be taken in account to achieve the independence of audit. The proposal required the audit firm should be rotated after at most six years (with some exception). In addition, it should be after at least four year before the same audit firm can be entrusted again by the client, this is stated as the cooling period. The cooling period ensure the mandatory rotation can be implemented effectively, because if there is not the cooling period, the client can entrust the same audit firm after a short time, so that the closely relationship cannot be avoidance. There is a exception that the period of rotation can be extend to nine years if joint audits are engaged. This means that if an audited entity entrust at least two audit firm, it can extent the period of rotation to nine years, because the joint audit can make each audit firm work harder to avoid another audit firm find out their failure, this can increase the quality of the audit, so called four-eye principle. Hence, the joint audit is encouraged. According to Bocconi, which do a survey of the effect of mandatory rotation in Italy. The investigate shows that 69 % of managers of listed companies approve of rotation. 14 % consider it negatively. The survey presents a positive result, because they consider that in previous years, auditors focus on routine activities rather than making improvement. The people including in the survey agree the mandatory rotation in Italy can strengthen the independence. Discussion of the mandatory rotation The argument for the mandatory rotation of audit firm Firstly, the mandatory rotation of audit firm can reduce the risk of familiarity threat. If there is not mandatory rotation, the audit firm may have closely relationship with the audited entity, which would lead to several problems. For instance, the proposal (2011) of the European commission suggests that the audit firm tend to know well about the management of the audited entity, so that they may think the audit work as a routine work, which just repeating the work annually, and they pay less attention to make an improvement and find out the mistake the audited entity made. In addition, the auditor may be less suspicious of the audited entity, instead, they may decrease the difficulties so as to maintain the good relationship with the partner. The long period of engagement will cause routine, which may affect the competence and the quality of audit, hence, the mandatory rotation is necessary for reducing the familiarity threat. Secondly, according to Hoyle (1978), short term engagement will encourage the auditors to do better. If the audit firm fails to make the improvement in their auditing period, however, the next audit firm detects the unreported information, the reputation of the previous audit firm may be affected, so that the auditor will minimize the errors for managing the reputation. Further, the mandatory rotation can avoid the mistake or unreported information continue, because the next audit firm will scrutinize the document provide by the former audit form. Also, the long term engagement of the same auditor may cause the auditor trust the previous auditing procedure, so the rotation can reduce the risk of the auditor regards the engagement as the repetition of the last years work. Therefore, the mandatory can improve the quality of audit. Thirdly, the rotation provide the small and medium-size entities good opportunity to enter the competition in the segment of market. Although, the Bocconi study (2002) showed that the mandatory rotation did not provide the small and medium-size entity opportunity to compete in the audit market, they cannot compete against the large audit firm for the public-interest entities. However, take the mandatory tendering into account, the situation can be changed, the rules allow the small and medium-size entity to bid in the tendering, so that the rotation and joint audit enlarge the choice of audit firm for the audited enterprise. Therefore, combined with the mandatory tendering, the mandatory rotation can encourage the competition of the audit firm and provide more opportunity for small and medium-size entity to enter the audit market. Last but not least, the rotation can reduce the risk of fraud, which the audited entity collude with the audit firm. If both of the audited entity and audit firm fraud the public, when rotation implement, the fraud will be exposed by the coming new audit firm. The scandal of Enron can give a good example of this, if the rotation enact, the deceptive accounting may be found early or the audit firm will not collude with Enron in order to prevent the impairment of the reputation. So the mandatory rotation can reduce the risk of fraud. The argument against the mandatory rotation of audit firm According to the Bocconi study (2002), the opinion the audit firms and managers argue is that the cost of auditing fees as well as man-hours will increase under the mandatory rotation. It takes time for the incoming audit firm to read the sufficient document to know the audited entitys business. If the incoming audit firm do not know the audited entity enough, the quality of audit will decrease. Further, because there are many kinds of industry, it is difficult to maintain the industry specialization and may cause lack of choice of audited entity. According to Chi et al. (2004), they do not agree the mandatory rotation, they hold the opinion that the rotation may have negative impact on the quality of audit. They show the explanation that in the last year of audit before the rotation, the auditors may abandon their independence because they do not need to worry about the loss of quasi rents for they will not be re-elected. These can lead to the decrease of the last periods auditing quality. Bigus and Zimmermann (2007) said that because of the rotation, the quasi rent had been decreased, which implies the rotation may not increase the independence of audit firm. Consequently, the mandatory rotation cannot increase the quality and independence of audit firm as expect. Conclusion When come up the new proposals, there will have different voice because of the different role they play. As for the rule of the mandatory rotation of audit firm, according to the European Commission, the Big Four hold the opposed attitude, they insist there is studies that have certify the mandatory rotation affect the quality of audit firm; the Mid Tier Firms and small and medium-size entities also do not stand by the rule, they consider the increase cost and harm to the quality of audit firm; the investors had divergent opinion; some of public authorities did not favor of the mandatory rotation, while others think the rule will be beneficial, one of the idea regards to the issue they came up it to allow the committee to decide whether the rotation of a firm should be needed. To sum up, the new rule of the mandatory rotation of audit firm may be beneficial, but only under certain situation. For example, the cost of fees and man-hours can be low to change audit firm; the negative impact of last period of audit before rotation can be avoid. So that, the proposal can be beneficial if more detail and rules can be add in to make the mandatory rotation more perfection.