A Savage Journey

Numerous pursuits in obtaining dreams had been evident in the perceptions of many individuals.   How an individual carries himself in the realm of reality is actually dependent on how one tries to comprehend and internalize the explanations on why things consequently fall into place.As for Hunter Thompson, America has wickedly divulged on the rather comical state of rationality and thus is considerably out of track with regard to the rather important matters in life.   Its innovative response to technology and corruption is swallowing up the credit of the living masses and is thus benefited by the predator of the country.Thompson’s means of establishing what seemed to be true in his immediate time showed that the country was indeed facing a critical state of confusion over ‘reality’ and ‘idealism’.Undeniably, the impact of confusion towards a certain group of people or set of community may mean much on the development and the level of thinking of many.   How individuals are actually correlated in a broader sense, is the main reason why one action, either directly or indirectly, involves another whether it is in the negative or the positive state.AnalysisThompson’s book took pleasure upon unfolding the secrets of the past and the horrifying truths of the vortex of Las Vegas, or America at that.In the most extreme sense, I could easily distinguish the initial intent of the author in producing such masterpiece in the â€Å"dope world† which as a matte of fact, transcribed during the 60’s (Thompson), and if it may not be that harsh to take into assumption, inherited by today’s contemporary dopers, at that.One of the striking perceptions which I have noted on the novel, as established in Thompson’s plot, is the harshness of the society on the concept of ‘illegal’ entities.   Perhaps it is righteous enough to implement certain laws and reputation with regard to the matter, but th en again, the equilibrium of the imposition seems to boggle my sanity in that certain perspective.Thus, I realized that the callous form of justice had been crucially bias, taking for certain to a fact that even those who were held responsible for the eradication of what they introduced as ‘illegal’ were actually the catalysts of the inequity.   It takes to raise a brow in my rationality in the prudent side.The novel itself, taken with opinion based justification, is considerably a breakthrough to the society and to those who are well concerned over the matter.Perhaps ‘drugs’ is an evil commodity, but how Thompson was able to deliver his stands with the use of wickedly comical idioms and metaphors struck my amazement that his view on the society was amorously correlated and incorporated as rather the ‘evil’ one and ‘drugs’ as the hero of mankind (Thompson).   How’s that for the paradox of the universe?

Cultural and Political Changes and Continuities in Rome Essay

Rome throughout history is often thought of as rather homogeneous—ancient artifacts timeless, always the same emphases. But, while there were continuities, there were also changes of different sorts in various time periods. Specifically, cultural and political changes in the Roman civilization between 100 ­600 CE, the late classical era, included the rise of Christianity and the division of the empire into two halves, while a continuity was the use of Latin and Greek as common languages. The first change, Christianity spreading throughout the civilization, is shown in the development and spread of Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholic lifestyles. Constantine legalized Christianity in the fourth century AD, and soon after, Theodosius made it the empire’s official religion. All other religions in the empire began to fade away, becoming â€Å"discouraged† at best. This was all due to the Christian missionaries who travelled the region. After this, as a result, a new controversy arose: the classic one of the separation of church and state. The unified Christian lifestyle was very different from the previously religiously ­tolerant classical Roman Empire. The next change is that the empire soon split in half. Rome became simply too large to govern under one governmental body, and so split into the Eastern and Western halves in 284. These two had separate governments and separate religions (Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholicism respectively). Also, the halves were relatively independent from each other, fighting their own battles and having different levels of advancement in science, technology, and  more. This was different from the united empire of older times. The separation of the halves would eventually create many controversies in the future, especially whether or not they were to aid one another in battle. A continuity of the time period, however, was the use of the common languages Latin and Greek. Latin was known as the original trademark of the Roman Empire and is still associated with it today. (This is similar to the Chinese language of—where else?—China.) Greek came a bit later, with the spread of Christianity, and became a favorite of scholars and politicians. It was originally spread by Alexander the Great. However, all citizens still needed to know Latin to be able to communicate commonly throughout the empire. Both of these languages were used throughout this time period and this use remained a continuity for the Roman civilization. In conclusion, the cultural and political changes in the Roman Empire between 100 ­600 CE (late classical era) involved the rise of Christianity and the division of the empire. A continuity was the widespread use of Latin and Greek. These changes and continuities would affect global perception of the Roman Empire for many centuries to come.

The Comfort Women of Nanking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Comfort Women of Nanking - Essay Example The arguments are based on the reasons that there are no definite evidences that link the Japanese government to the maintenance of brothels of comfort women during WWII. Aside from this, prostitutions and sex slaves were considered legal during that time. Although it is admitted based on records that there were about 200,000 comfort women and that they went through pains, disease, and humiliations, the Japanese were not solely to be blamed. Some of the women were prostitutes who volunteered and others were sold by their families. The concern of the government at that time was the needs of the military soldiers that prompted them to act accordingly. The comfort women kept silent about this for a while, but recently, there is a renewed interest globally of justifying the wrongdoings committed to them. Some groups ask for compensation, others ask for public apologies. Governments, more specifically Japan, responsible groups and politicians look at the issue, and weigh things whether to compensate or not. There has been great interest on the issue of compensation for comfort women for supposed rapes and hardships they went through during World War II. International women’s group as well as the affected countries pressure Japan to apologize and issue just compensation for these women as it is argued that this is the least thing that they could do to correct the damage on these women. These comfort women who are now on their eighties still believe that they deserve to be paid because of the agony they had experienced

Careers in Biosciences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Careers in Biosciences - Essay Example I also have excellent computing skills that will come in handy when pursuing my career. Of late, I have been analyzing the available careers for me, and the more I came to learn about bioinformatics the more I got interested in it. I now have my passion buried deep inside bioinformatics. The job market in bioinformatics has changed considerably in recent years. This can be attributed to the increase in academic programs in bioinformatics, which has lead to the increase in the number of graduates who are chasing jobs. Nowadays, employers look for employees who are qualified in this field. There is also an increase in the number of academic jobs compared to industrial jobs. Additionally, the number of research programs that require bioinformatics skills has been on the increase (Belikoff et al, 2004 p56). The area of bioinformatics that has interested me the most is the database administration. I am critically thinking of majoring in this field. On a day-to-day basis, database administration involves the designing and maintaining of huge databases, which hold data related to biochemical information and genome sequences. Databases need to be constantly updated, and this is the work of a database administrator (Camenson, 2006 p67). Database administration also involves developing of search algorithms that must be intelligent, and are used to search through the database, to retrieve the relevant information (Lacroix & Terence, 2007 p90). The major employer of bioinformatics graduates is the pharmaceutical industry. Additionally, other companies involved in biotech, personal care products and industrial organisms and agricultural companies require individuals who are skilled in bioinformatics (Moussalli et al, 2010 p87). Potential employers look for graduates who have been trained in computer skills and biological sciences. Those in the biomedical sciences with Information Technology background have an added advantage.

Corporate Imperialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corporate Imperialism - Essay Example From the article â€Å"Shooting an elephant†, which was written by Orwell, imperialism is presented as plain robbery. The British controlled everything: resources, rules, and the whole Burmese (Orwell p2). Nowadays, plain imperialism has lost its standing in the world because under the peace and developed science world, violence is killed. However, although violence does not work anymore, invasion of a country by another can never be stopped. People have stopped using violence in invasions but have adopted new methods of invasion. For instance, to make an entrance in other countries, people create multinational companies, which then set their factories into these countries. Through these factories they are able to control the politics and the economy of these countries. This behavior of the multinational companies is referred to as corporate imperialism. Corporate imperialism by the multinational companies not only depredates other countries resources, but also brings a differ ent culture that could confuse the minds of the local people. Pure imperialism and corporate imperialism are twin brother and sister; they have the same nature-plunder other countries’ resources. The only difference is that pure imperialism uses weapons to invade countries, and corporate imperialism uses business as its invading weapon. ... The way they make more profit is that they set factories into these countries, and hire the indigenes that are paid low labor fee to handle the factories and cheaply make their the products from the local materials. For example, the reason why you could see â€Å"Made in China† everywhere now is because the factories have taken advantage of the Chinese low worker’s labor fee to produce more products in the market. Like Chitra Divakaruni presented in her article â€Å"Live Free and Starve†, once the U.S raised a ban on goods made by indentured or forced child labor, the children would be unemployed and they could die anytime due to lack of food. Without the jobs they could not purchase supplies to live. Therefore, in this way the U.S controlled their economy system, because without the jobs, they could not take care of their lives (Chitra). This is just like pure imperialism; people are controlled by intruder’s rule. In other words, simple rule, the more th e resources can be got, the more profit can be made. Like playing a tactic game, the more base you have, and the more chances you can win the game. When your base is getting out of resources, invade others. English now becomes a national language because European and American companies are all over the world. When multinational companies set into other countries, they also set their culture into the countries. Again, like pure imperialism, corporate imperialism also brings its own culture to the local people in order to control their mind. The cultures affect them to an extent that they could be crazy about foreign things and obsequious to foreigners. For instance, take a look at Hong Kong, before it was returned, it was controlled by

The Effects of Computers on Today's Society Coursework

The Effects of Computers on Today's Society - Coursework Example Refrigerators use built-in computers to regulate the temperature, cars have computers in the form of anti-locking breaking systems and engine controls and smart phones also make use of some very sophisticated computer technology to safe keep our contacts, music and pictures (Frisicaro et al n.d). The biggest advantage of computers is the ease with which knowledge can be made available to the masses. Whether it is journals, databases, blogs or newspapers; anyone with a connection to the internet can now have a wealth of information on their fingertips. Search engines make it easier to look for information. Computer and internet technology has specially changed the nature of education (Frisicaro et al n.d). Students are learning in a whole new fashion which could not have been thought of before the advent of computers. They can now design models, run simulations, conduct extensive research and become a part of the global information revolution at the few clicks of a mouse (Kashmanian, 2000). Research also suggests that personal computers have had a huge impact on students’ decision to graduate from high school. Students who have had access to computers show better academic performance and achieve better test scores (Beltran et al 2008). Computers have completely changed the way we read and write. Now thanks to word processors, spelling mistakes are a thing of the past and even most celebrated writers now prefer electronic writing over traditional text. Computers are also a great interpersonal medium, enhancing our conversations through emails, discussion groups and chat rooms (Ferris, 2002). But despite all the goodness of computers, there are some major drawbacks. Thanks to all the word processors, the ability to express clearly without computers has become virtually nonexistent. Chat rooms and emails have done more damage to our writing and conversation skills than anything else. The Net-Generation speaks in abbreviations and shorthand that are wreaking havoc on language skills. Young children learn this language from an early age which effectively destroys their command over English language. Computer games and the internet mean that children as well as adults these days are spending all their time in front of the computer screen. Physical activity has become virtually non-existent; this is leading to many health issues. As these children grow up, this habit has taken hold and they continue to lead this computer-oriented lifestyle for the rest of their lives (Frisicaro et al n.d..). Office goers often complain of physiological problems such as Repetitive Strain Injuries, Carpel Tunnel Syndrome and DeQuervains Tendonitis which are brought on by non-stop use of computers. But there is an even darker side to the health issue. Computers are now known to cause some very serious psychological problems as well. The first issue is that computers can cause an alienation from society, many computer users are not able to function in social s ettings and are completely dependent on computers for any interaction they have with the world at large. Another issue is stress and burnout brought on by using computers for extended periods of time. Stress can also be brought on trying to keep up with the constant changes in computer technology. Computer addiction is also a very common psychological disorder in our society. People who suffer from it are always online and in search of the latest game, program or any other addiction that may keep them hooked

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Economic - Essay Example This has caused increase in demand for Iron-ore to carry out the firms production and produce the resulting output. Price is derived by the crossing of supply and demand. (Figure 3) The resultant market price is dependent upon both of these basic components of a market. A transaction of goods or services will occur when so ever buyers and sellers can agree on a certain price. When a transaction occurs, the agreed upon price is called the "market clearing price† or "equilibrium price". As the population of China has grown, the demand for minerals and metals has risen. This has pushed the price of iron ore (and complementary products) up and also spurred the development of iron, accelerating the quantity of iron supplied as well. We can see the demand increase in Figure 1 below, that represents an increase in the demand of iron-ore. In the figure, supply and demand have been short formed as S and D. Demand begins at D1 and is moves to D2 provided that supply remains the same. We see that the equilibrium price even increases from p1 to p2, and the quantity moves from q1 to q2. The figure clearly shows that increase in demand for iron ore would clearly cause an increase in price. As the quantity of iron ore increases so would the resultant price provided supply remains constant. In order to meet the increasing demand the quantity of iron ore production would even have to be increased. An increase in supply results about from a decrease in the marginal cost as like the marginal cost of production. As a result, an increased in production is represented by a line to the right on the supply and demand graph. The effects of an increase in production are illustrated in Figure 2. The supply line goes from S1 to S2 that represents a lesser marginal cost. Moreover in this case, the quantity also rises from q1 to q2 and price falls from p1to p2. As the demand of

INFA questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

INFA questions - Assignment Example It does not dictate how many or which tool to use in improving the security of system. Rather, the choice on what number of layers and technologies to use depends upon the risk analysis done by the organization (Cisco). Concerned with the way authority is assigned and organized (Northcutt). Entails formulating security policies, guidelines and planning in order to reduce loss (Stallings & Brown). Basically involves setting what employees may do, must always do, or cannot do. Examples include changing of policies, installing motion detectors, security awareness training among others. Involves enforcing the implementation of security policies, standards and also maintaining consistency in operations together with executing corrective measures in case of deficiencies (Stallings & Brown). The procedures are effected on both hardware and software. Examples include recovery actions like system reboot, data backup and access control to data (Slideshare). It involves utilizing the security capabilities of the hardware and software. The security once set up is managed entirely by the computer system. Examples include setting up firewalls and access tokens, password encryptions. 2. Most security models categorize controls into three types: management, operational, and technical. Describe each of these categories, and provide two examples of controls that would fall within each category. (1/2 page) A characteristic of a technology that someone can take advantage of to orchestrate a security incident (Stallings & Brown). Example is when a program unintentionally allows ordinary users to execute commands that can only be executed by privileged users. A potential for violation of a security policy that comes into play when there is an event or circumstance that could trigger breaching of security and therefore cause harm. It can be explained as a possible danger that could result in someone taking advantage of a

Sustainable tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sustainable tourism - Essay Example Positive impacts According to Honey (1999), tourism is a source of employment for many people who serve in the tourist hotels, tourist travel agencies or serve as tour guides and local traders. This is very important in a country with low agricultural viability and is not a major producer of any valuable mineral or oil. It is also a direct market for locally produced commodities for example artefacts, clothing and foodstuff while tourist hotels form a good market for locally produced agricultural products. Some of the Tourists are potential investors and this increases the chances of a country getting more foreign investment. Tourism stimulates decentralised development because governments will have to ensure that major tourist destinations within the country are developed. These include infrastructure development and rural electrification. Whenever tourists start visiting a country, the people start to realise the importance and economic potentialities of their available resources f or example wildlife, water bodies, coastal regions and culture. This motivates them to preserve these resources and hence a protection of an environment which could have been exploitative by man in various ways. This results to biodiversity preservation and preservation of the environment’s natural beauty (Prem1995).

Video games made me burn my house down Essay Example for Free

Video games made me burn my house down Essay It’s finally the Thursday night. You’ve seen the advertisements on television and have been waiting for this night for months. You have heard all of your friends talking about it. Tonight, your favorite video game is being released at midnight. You’re getting fidgety just thinking about it. You started counting down the clock as it ticks its way to midnight. Though the clock just past eight, you can’t stand the anticipation. You get in your car, start the engine, and head to the nearest GameStop. Knowing that you are staying up all night for this great, once in a lifetime event, you make a pit stop at Starbucks to get the highest caffeine on the menu. When you arrive at the store, you see a line of people already snaking outside of the store. The sight of the endless line is daunting, but that cup of coffee you got earlier keeps your spirit high. After you fing a parking space, you move toward the end of the line. While waiting, you make new friends, talking excitedly about the game; things like: rewards, tricks, strategy, and glitches. While talking and having fun, time flies, and it’s almost midnight. This is it. The moment you’ve been waiting for, finally within your grasp. Everyone is restless at the door; but something is not right. The door is not opening. With racing thoughts, you notice the crease of those around you. What is happening? Why isn’t the door opening? You’ve been waiting so long for the door to happiness to be opened. After an hour of nothing happening, you get in your car and head home. The next morning, you wake up to the sound of the television. Disappointed that it isn’t the game that you’re supposed to be playing, you move to turn the TV off. Just as you’re about to press the button, the news comes on. The news reporter reports a new law has been passed that video games rated M have been banned for sales. Apparently, statistics have shown that M rated video games leads to violence in teenagers. While we know this is fictional, video games haven’t been banned in real life†¦ yet. In today’s society, video games are overwhelming popular, especially in teenagers. With signs of violence frequent in society, video games are an easy victim to blame for. If we don’t acknowledge fictional facts about video games, they might really be gone forever. Video games don’t cause violence in children, and in fact improve cognitive and social skills. First of all, video games don’t cause violence. It always has been a myth. The idea that video games cause violence has not been supported by any research. ProCon. org quoted Lawrence Kutner, PhD, and Cheryl K. Olson, ScD, co-founders of the Harvard Medical School Center for Mental Health and Media, in their book there has always been a â€Å"big fear† that video games are a causation for violence in today’s society. They continue to point out that with millions of children and adults playing these games, the world has not been reduced to chaos and anarchy (n.pag. ). With more and more video games being produced, the number of gamers increases. Still we see no correlation in both subjects. ProCon. org quotes another researcher Henry Jenkins, Ph. D. at University of Southern California, â€Å"According to federal crime statistics, the rate of juvenile violent crime in the United States is at a 30-year low. † He continues to say that even though America has 90 percent of its boys and 40 percent of its girls playing these video games, the majority of kids who play do not commit anti-social acts. Jenkin also quotes a 2001 U. S. Surgeon General’s report, â€Å"The strongest risk factors for school shooting centered on mental stability and the quality of home life, not media exposure† (n. pag. ). Even though violence is around every day in our lives, video games should not be the blame of the problem. If anything, video games are helping children. The first benefit of playing video games is that it teaches children work with one another better. There is no ‘I’ in team, which video games will teach to the children. ABC news reported series of experiments published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, â€Å"Researchers found that participants who had just played a ‘pro-social’ game which require characters to work together are more likely to engage in helpful behavior in real life than those who play ‘neutral’ games like Tetris. † â€Å"Upsides of social games can even extend to the physical world,† also reported by ABC news, â€Å"Players of the popular social game on Facebook met a challenge from its creators and planted 25,000 trees in the game world in 25 days, leading the game’s developer to plant 25,000 trees in real life† (n.pag. ). With games today that all promotes the co-op play, children learn the idea of teamwork is needed to achieve a common objective. Thus, this activity leads to co-op play in the physical world. The second benefit of playing video games is that they teach children cognitively. Hope Gillette quotes Dr. Pamela Rutledge, Director of the Media Psychology Research Center, in her article, â€Å"Video games and your children: Pros and cons,† that video games create a multi-sensory experience for players. She also said that players could often feel as if they were transported to another world, just like when we say, â€Å"I was lost in a good book. † Players’ brains create a simulation of life for the experience, and by making progress through the game; they learn how to get around easier over time (n. pag. ). ABC news also reported a recent study from the Education Development Center and the U. S. Congress-supported Ready To Learn (RTL) Initiative found that a curriculum that involved digital media such as video games could improve early literacy skills when coupled with strong parental and teacher involvement. Interestingly, the study focused on young children, and 4- and 5-year-olds that participated showed increases in letter recognition, sound association with letters, and understanding basic concepts about stories and print. ABC recognizes college students as well saying, â€Å"Students who undergo a 3D virtual simulation at Loyalist College in Ontario reported that the number of successful test scores increased from 56 percent to 95 percent (n. pag. ). The educational benefits of video games are way overlooked by society, but once in plain sight, it’s easy to see. Video games are not as dangerous as society portrays them to be. Not only do video games promote educational growth, they also help an individual to work with others. Correlation shows that as video games become increasingly popular and violence never seems to cease, but correlation does not imply causation. So implying video games cause violence in society is like saying that Pac-Man affected us as kids, and we’re all doomed to be running around in dark rooms, munching pills and listening to repetitive electronic music.

Rate Of Convergence In Numerical Analysis

Rate Of Convergence In Numerical Analysis In numerical analysis, the speed at which a convergent sequence approaches its limit is called the rate of convergence. Strictly speaking, a limit does not give information about any finite first part of the sequence; this concept is of practical importance if we deal with a sequence of successive approximations for a iterative method, as typically fewer iterations are needed to output a useful approximation if the rate of convergence is higher. This may even make the difference between needing ten or a million iterations. Similar concepts are used for discretization methods. The solution of the discretized problem converges to the solution of the continuous problem as the grid size goes to zero, and the speed of convergence is one of the factors of the efficiency of the method. However, the terminology in this case is different from the terminology for iterative methods. Convergence speed for iterative methods Basic definition Suppose that the sequence {xk} converges to the number L. We say that this sequence converges linearly to L, if there exists a number ÃŽÂ ¼ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  (0, 1) such that The number ÃŽÂ ¼ is called the rate of convergence. If the above holds with ÃŽÂ ¼ = 0, then the sequence is said to converge superlinearly. One says that the sequence converges sublinearly if it converges, but ÃŽÂ ¼=1. The next definition is used to distinguish superlinear rates of convergence. We say that the sequence converges with order q for q > 1 to L if In particular, convergence with order 2 is called quadratic convergence, and convergence with order 3 is called cubic convergence. This is sometimes called Q-linear convergence, Q-quadratic convergence, etc., to distinguish it from the definition below. The Q stands for quotient, because the definition uses the quotient between two successive terms. Extended definition The drawback of the above definitions is that these do not catch some sequences which still converge reasonably fast, but whose speed is variable, such as the sequence {bk} below. Therefore, the definition of rate of convergence is sometimes extended as follows. Under the new definition, the sequence {xk} converges with at least order q if there exists a sequence {ÃŽÂ µk} such that and the sequence {ÃŽÂ µk} converges to zero with order q according to the above simple definition. To distinguish it from that definition, this is sometimes called R-linear convergence, R-quadratic convergence, etc. Examples Consider the following sequences: The sequence {ak} converges linearly to 0 with rate 1/2. More generally, the sequence CÃŽÂ ¼k converges linearly with rate ÃŽÂ ¼ if |ÃŽÂ ¼| CONVERGENCE SPEED FOR DISCRETIZATION METHODS A similar situation exists for discretization methods. Here, the important parameter is not the iteration number k but the number of grid points, here denoted n. In the simplest situation (a uniform one-dimensional grid), the number of grid points is inversely proportional to the grid spacing. In this case, a sequence xn is said to converge to L with order p if there exists a constant C such that | xn à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ L | This is written as |xn L| = O(n-p) using the big O notation. This is the relevant definition when discussing methods for numerical quadrature or the solution of ordinary differential equations. Examples The sequence {dk} with dk = 1 / (k+1) was introduced above. This sequence converges with order 1 according to the convention for discretization methods. The sequence {ak} with ak = 2-k, which was also introduced above, converges with order p for every number p. It is said to converge exponentially using the convention for discretization methods. However, it only converges linearly (that is, with order 1) using the convention for iterative methods. RATE OF CONVERGENCE OF BISECTION METHOD If f is a continuous function on the interval [a, b] and f(a)f(b) The bisection method gives only a range where the root exists, rather than a single estimate for the roots location. Without using any other information, the best estimate for the location of the root is the midpoint of the smallest bracket found. In that case, the absolute error after n steps is at most If either endpoint of the interval is used, then the maximum absolute error is the entire length of the interval. These formulas can be used to determine in advance the number of iterations that the bisection method would need to converge to a root to within a certain tolerance. For, using the second formula for the error, the number of iterations n has to satisfy to ensure that the error is smaller than the tolerance ÃŽÂ µ. If f has several simple roots in the interval [a,b], then the bisection method will find one of them. RATE OF CONVERGENCE OF FALSE-POSITION METHOD If the initial end-points a0 and b0 are chosen such that f(a0) and f(b0) are of the opposite signs, then one of the end-points will converge to a root of f. The other end-point will remain fixed for all subsequent iterations while the converging endpoint becomes updated. Unlike the bisection method, the width of the bracket does not tend to zero. As a consequence, the linear approximation to f(x), which is used to pick the false position, does not improve in its quality. One example of this phenomenon is the function, f(x) = 23 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 42 + 3x on the initial bracket [à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1,1]. The left end, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1, is never replaced and thus the width of the bracket never falls below 1. Hence, the right endpoint approaches 0 at a linear rate. While it is false to think that the method of false position is a good method, it is equally a mistake to think that it is unsalvageable. The failure mode is easy to detect and easily remedied by next picking a modified false position, such as or down-weighting one of the endpoint values to force the next ck to occur on that side of the function. There are other ways to pick the rescaling which give even better convergence rates. RATE OF CONVERGENCE OF SECANT METHOD The iterates xn of the secant method converge to a root of f, if the initial values x0 and x1 are sufficiently close to the root. The order of convergence is ÃŽÂ ±, where is the golden ratio. In particular, the convergence is superlinear. This result only holds under some technical conditions, namely that f be twice continuously differentiable and the root in question be simple (i.e., with multiplicity 1). If the initial values are not close to the root, then there is no guarantee that the secant method converges. The right-most quantity above may be expressed as since . Then, from a Taylor expansion of about one finds for some . Similarly Placing these quantities into Equation 4.9 will result in some cancellation, or The approximation expressed in Equation 4.11 can be explicitly quantified by recognizing that for some . Hence This completes the analysis of the final term in Equation 4.8. The first term in Equation 4.8 can be analyzed similarly, to obtain Hence, the error given in the secant method is roughly given as A more careful investigation and analysis produces the exact expression for some . To generate a complete convergence analysis, assume that f(x) is bounded and in some neighborhood of . These assumptions imply that sufficiently close to . Further, assume that the initial values and are chosen sufficiently close to to satisfy for some K The exponents on K form the Fibonacci sequence, . The Fibonacci sequence is defined inductively, as The general error term is then given to be The Fibonacci number have an explicit formula, namely with . Note that , and since K At this point, we have While somewhat complex-looking, the equation above actually produces the convergence rate that we seek. RATE OF CONVERGENCE OF NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD Suppose that the function Æ’ has a zero at ÃŽÂ ±, i.e., Æ’(ÃŽÂ ±) = 0. If f is continuously differentiable and its derivative is nonzero at ÃŽÂ ±, then there exists a neighbourhood of ÃŽÂ ± such that for all starting values x0 in that neighbourhood, the sequence {xn} will converge to ÃŽÂ ±. If the function is continuously differentiable and its derivative is not 0 at ÃŽÂ ± and it has a second derivative at ÃŽÂ ± then the convergence is quadratic or faster. If the second derivative is not 0 at ÃŽÂ ± then the convergence is merely quadratic. If the third derivative exists and is bounded in a neighbourhood of ÃŽÂ ±, then: where If the derivative is 0 at ÃŽÂ ±, then the convergence is usually only linear. Specifically, if Æ’ is twice continuously differentiable, Æ’ (ÃŽÂ ±) = 0 and Æ’ (ÃŽÂ ±) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0, then there exists a neighbourhood of ÃŽÂ ± such that for all starting values x0 in that neighbourhood, the sequence of iterates converges linearly, with rate log10 2 (Sà ¼li Mayers, Exercise 1.6). Alternatively if Æ’ (ÃŽÂ ±) = 0 and Æ’ (x) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 for x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0, x in a neighbHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_neighborhoodourhood U of ÃŽÂ ±, ÃŽÂ ± being a zero of multiplicity r, and if Æ’ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  Cr(U) then there exists a neighbourhood of ÃŽÂ ± such that for all starting values x0 in that neighbourhood, the sequence of iterates converges linearly. However, even linear convergence is not guaranteed in pathological situations. In practice these results are local and the neighbourhood of convergence are not known a priori, but there are also some results on global convergence, for instance, given a right neighbourhood U+ of ÃŽÂ ±, if f is twice differentiable in U+ and if , in U+, then, for each x0 in U+ the sequence xk is monotonically decreasing to ÃŽÂ ±. Proof of quadratic convergence for Newtons iterative method According to TaylorHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylors_theoremHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylors_theorems theorem, any function f(x) which has a continuous second derivative can be represented by an expansion about a point that is close to a root of f(x).

Never To Late Essay -- essays research papers

Many older students are making their way back to school The number of older, more â€Å"nontraditional† college students are growing. These students say that maturity and life experience give them a clear advantage in the college classroom, and many advisors agree. No matter how old or young one is; it is never too late to start working toward an educational goal in becoming a college graduate! Remember the dream within us sits waiting to spread forth and become a reality. It is only the lack of belief in ourselves that stops us from achieving those things with the heart, and it is only through our own understanding, ability and perseverance that we see them become realities. Until then, they are little more than visions in a crystal ball, with no chance of development. Some would-be students believe it is too difficult to pursue a college degree, believing they are not smart enough or personally powerful enough to see a degree through. And, no doubt, it is no walk in the park, but is and will be the most personally fulfilling and rewarding experience and personal achievement that life will bring, second only to a beautiful, long lasting marriage or having children to share ones life with. The first step in achieving ones college goal, is believing in yourself and making a commitment to yourself and education that no matter what the next few years bring in personal circumstance or situation that ones priority is achieving their college dream, and nothing will stand in ones way in achieving them. It is only the student with this most positive and certain attitude that will succeed. Otherwise, difficult circumstances and situations are sure to arise, and without this attitude, students are sure to follow a voice within them that says, â€Å"It’s too difficult, why not just quit!† And that will be the end of that. But with a positive and certain goal the voice within will remind the student of the dream, the band playing pomp and circumstance and the diploma in hand. And the struggle will seem well worth it. According to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), by 2010, 16 million people will be enrolled in American colleges and universities – over half of them adults. Not Your Average College Freshman Why return to school? Some people want to finish a degree begun earlier in life but interrupted by career decisions or family responsibilities. Others d... ...illing to speak up if problems arise. 5. Are willing and able to commit 4 to 15 hours per week per course. 6. Can meet the minimum requirements for the program, whether traditional or online. 7. Can accept critical thinking and decision-making as part of the learning process. 8. Have access to a computer and modem. 9. Are able to think ideas through before responding. 10. Believe that high quality learning can take place without going to traditional classrooms. Myths and Realities about Going to College as an Adult Myth: College is for young people. Adults don’t fit in. Reality: Today, College is for everyone. Almost 6 million people are 25 years of age or older which is forty percent of all American college students. Further, the U.S. Department of Education estimates that 90 million individuals participate in some form of adult education each year, including training and basic education offered outside traditional higher education. Myth: Going to school part-time, you’ll never complete a degree. Reality: One of the ways that institutions have accommodated adult learners is by devising alternate schedules that allow students to complete more classes in the same amount of time.

Macbeth Was Responsible For His Own Downfall Essay -- essays research

Macbeth is the driving force behind Macbeth’s downfall Lady Macbeth? The driving force behind Macbeth’s downfall? Certainly not. Macbeth was completely and solely responsible for all the acts of great evil which were to lead to his downfall, and to even suggest the blame can be shifted on his wife is ludicrous. From his very first meeting with the witches, Macbeth’s mind became instantly plagued with thoughts of murder and treachery. The guilty start that Banquo noticed: "Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear Things that do sound so fair?†¦" showed us that the thought of murder was already at the back of his mind. This showed us that Macbeth could not have been as honourable and trustworthy as people believed him to be, given that if he had had but a shred of integrity, murder would have been the last thing on his mind. The witches cannot corrupt the virtuous (like Banquo), they can work only on the evil that they already find in their victim’s mind. At this point, Macbeth (and everyone else), was not aware of this evil inside of him, which is why he was so horrified by the hideous imaginings that spring to mind. He was afraid of speaking of his "black and deep desires" openly, even to himself. For this reason, he sends a letter to his wife, explaining the situation, hoping that the thought of murder would cross her mind, and he won’t have to be the one to bring it up. On receiving the letter, Lady Macbeth’s first thought (as Macbeth had hoped it would be) was one of murder. She was just as ambitious, if not more so, than her husband, so much so that she would do anything, even conspire to commit murder, to get what she wanted in the end. However, she was not an evil woman, which is why she felt the need to call on the powers of darkness to aid her in what she was about to do: "†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty; make thick my blood &q... ...ad. Earlier, she had dismissed the matter of Duncan’s murder, but now she admits to herself what she knew all along, that "All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand" In the end, she can no longer cope with the guilt, and in the words of Malcolm in the last scene of the play. "Who, as ‘tis thought, by self and violent hands Took of her life-†¦" It seems now that Lady Macbeth must have been less strong, and not as evil as Macbeth. When she took part in the planning of the murder of Duncan, she felt so guilty in the long run that she felt she had to take her own life. However, Macbeth has performed crimes that are a lot worse than the crime his wife committed, but he has not decided to do anything as drastic as taking his own life. It is in Act 5 scene 5 that Macbeth shows us the true extent of his insanity. He has lost the capacity to feel fear (for his inevitable death), and grief (for his dead wife). It is in Act 5 Scene 7 that Macbeth’s life comes to an abrupt end, and no one grieves him. He died a tyrant and a murderer, all through his own fault.

Organizational Leadership Essay -- Career Employment Business

Organizational Leadership As a valued and seasoned employee, one is presented with the rare opportunity of determining the type of leadership position that best suits him or her. To some extent this opportunity would be a dream come true. As an experienced employee, one should be familiar with the vision and mission of the organization. One should also be familiar and acclimated to the day to day operations and processes of the company. Identifying ones attributes will better help one define his or her role which will most benefit the success of the organization. When identifying ones strengths and weaknesses, a personal leadership style will assist one in the defining processes for which position will be a perfect fit. Therefore, presented this opportunity sounds awesome, but choosing a career is a tricky business. Where does one start? Is there just one career that would be the perfect match or are there dozens out there waiting to be discovered? â€Å"More often than not, if one chooses a career that doesn’t suit his or her personality one becomes confused, unhappy and burned out† (Lorenz, 2004). No one wants a job he or she dislikes. People want to enjoy going to work because in most cases it takes up a quarter of the day. Settling down with the right career can be as central to your happiness as choosing the right person in a relationship. But with any relationship, there is no right or wrong answers. So instead of choosing a career based on what one thinks he or she should do, self assessments can help one find a career that fits his... ... skills that are needed to lead this new virtual set of team members, I am definitely going to have an immense challenge in my perfect position. References Gratton, L. (2007, June 16). Working Together...When Apart. Retrieved March 13, 2009, from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118165895540732559-search.html Hefferman, M. (2007, December 19). What You See Is What You Get -- or Is It? Retrieved March 14, 2009, from http://www.fastcompany.com/node/74036/print Lorenz, K. (2004, December 20). Six moves to make more money. Retrieved March 12, 2009, from http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/Careers/08/03/job.burnout/ Shrader, R. W. (2007, Fall). Leadership in a Liquid World. Leadership and Organizational Studies, 49, 96. Retrieved March 14, 2009, from http://sloanreview.mit.edu/smr/issue/2007/fall/17/

Character of Iago

Shakespeare employs a variety of language, dramatic and theatrical techniques in shaping my understanding of the rather enigmatic yet definitely Machiavellian, character of Iago. Shakespeare reveals him to be a cunning and conniving exploiter and manipulator of other characters who become caught in his web of lies, deceit and evil schemes. Iago is forever the cold, calculating pragmatist who is cynical about anything associated with goodness, such as love, virtue, reputation and honour. Iago constantly plays the role of ‘honest Iago’, which is shown by Shakespeare’s constant dramatically ironic use of this phrase over twenty-three times. All characters have no hesitation in trusting every word Iago says, and taking everything he tells them to be true. The duplicitous nature of Iago is shown in conjunction with the symbolism of the Roman God, â€Å"By Janus†. Janus is a two faced God, who perfectly represents the nature of Iago, the two sides, one he only displays to the public and Roderigo and one only displayed to everyone else. This nature is further emphasised by Iago through his dialogue, â€Å"I am not what I am†. Similar to this includes the dialogue, â€Å"I serve him to serve my turn upon him†. The honesty that the other characters believe Iago has, allows him to adapt the personality of cunning, conniving manipulator of people, allowing him to exploit their emotions for his personal uses. He achieves his aims under the pretence of acting to help individuals but really he is egotistical and serves only for himself. He plays on Othello’s â€Å"free and open† nature, on his mission to prove Desdemona’s infidelity and create the metaphor of the â€Å"green-eyed monster†, which both Othello and Iago will nurture. Iago’s also gives Cassio â€Å"free and honest† advice about asking Desdemona for his position back after his fall from grace, showing again the dramatic irony Shakespeare portrays. Iago also continues to assure Desdemona that Othello’s sudden change in mood has nothing to do with Desdemona herself, but instead to do with state business. This further serves him in his plan for Othello’s downfall. Poison imagery by Shakespeare refers to the poisonous effect of words that Iago has caused seen in â€Å"The Moor already change with my poison†. The Machiavellian villain of Iago is constantly portrayed through the symbolism of hell or Satan throughout the play. â€Å"Hell and night/Must bring this monstrous birth to the world’s light†. While this shows Shakespeare’s symbolism of white being equivalent to good and dark to evil, it also references the fact that only Iago can bring about this action, or so he believes, and show the world of a crueller Othello. In the intertextual temptation scene, to that of the Garden of Eden, Iago is playing the traitorous and evil snake convincing Othello to do something which he would have never though of before. For Iago women are simply a means to an end. They are only needed to fulfil men’s sexual appetites and serve the various needs of men. He believes that women are not as intellectual as men and hence their opinion should not be valued nor asked for. It is of Iago’s opinion that emotions can leave one weak and rash decisions come about from those who think with their hearts rather than their heads shown in this dialogue, â€Å"If the balance of our lives had not one scale of reason to poise another of sensuality, the blood and baseness of our natures would conduct us to most preposterous conclusions†. Any man that becomes corrupted by their feelings or the heart in a fool, hence Iago does not believe in love of another person. He does however believe in self-love, that is to say Iago is the epitome of selfishness. Iago is unable to love another male or female, as a friend or lover. He describes the act of lovemaking with continuous reference to distasteful and crude animal images such as â€Å"Goats and Monkeys† or â€Å"Black ram† and â€Å"White Ewes†. Iago also employs the use of the symbolism of sexual ‘appetites’, suggesting that just like food they are something that needs to be regular or often. As seen with Emilia’s dialogue â€Å"They eat us hungrily and when they are full/ they belch us† The racist Iago is also obvious throughout Othello. He feels resentment and hatred towards Othello because, not only is Othello a general or commander of the Venetian Navy, he has managed to win such a prize as the lovely Desdemona. This is shown through Iago’s dialogue and comparison of Othello to a â€Å"Black ram†, â€Å"Barbary horse† or having â€Å"Thick lips†. He also constantly refers to Othello as â€Å"The Moor†. While this may not have been considered racist at the time, Iago does it in such a way that he wishes to alienate Othello from white society. He rarely says the name Othello, and if he does he mentions it with venom and anger towards him. Finally in the last scenes the real Iago is revealed. Through dramatic irony in Emilia’s dialogue, Shakespeare shows how the other characters innocence in regard to the man who has convinced Othello to believe such horrible tales, â€Å"I will be hang’d if some eternal villain/Some busy and insinuating rogue/Some cogging, cozening slave to get some office/Have not devis’d this slander. I’ll be hang’d else†. It appears that â€Å"honest Iago† no longer exists but instead has been transformed into a â€Å"villainous knave†. As the situation worsens and the culprit is identified the insults develop into â€Å"demi-devil†, â€Å"damned slave†, â€Å"Spartan dog† and â€Å"notorious villain†. All these terms are juxtaposed to the constant positive emotive terms that have been used to describe Iago throughout the rest of the play. Throughout Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello, we see the cunning and manipulative character that is Iago. Each scene, through Shakespeare’s use of theatrical, language and dramatic techniques, as more of Iago’s cunning plan s revealed, more evil within Iago is exposed and left goodness or virtue within him. Even in Iago’s final lines he offers no remorse but only self-satisfaction for the deed he has caused.

1775-1830 Apush Paper

During the early colonial period, indentured servants had filled the role of labor, working primarily in the Chesapeake region in the cultivation of tobacco. However, as the Dutch lost their monopoly on the slave trade, the price of slaves fell, allowing many plantation owners to purchase slaves and encouraging the growth of the slave trade to America. During the Revolutionary War and the decades following, slavery continued to boom, particularly in the South, where the use of slaves in crop cultivation came to dominate the Southern economy. In the North, industry supported the economy, allowing for a decreased need for slave labor. The difference between the economies of the North and South allowed for different levels of importance for slavery in those areas; however, discrimination prevailed throughout the young nation, leading the African-American community of the time to struggle against whites for freedom and civil rights. In the South, the largest contributing factor to the expansion of slavery was the westward growth of America during the early 19th Century. The Louisiana Purchase, signed under Thomas Jefferson, opened millions of acres to settlement encouraging many white southerners to move west into Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. These areas with their warm climates encouraged the expansion of the plantation system westward and accounts for the massive growth of slavery in those areas by 1830 seen in the Document C map illustrating the difference in slave concentration of the colonies. Lord Dunmore offered all slaves the opportunity to be free by joining the British military, as explained in his proclamation. The British sought to weaken colonial resistance by the support of the slaves. While many joined the British military to escape slavery, some colonial states offered slaves their freedom if they joined the colonial side after realizing how many slaves were rebelling to the British side. Some free blacks joined the British side because they felt discriminated against and believed they should have the same rights and privileges as whites, as they were denied property rights. In Venture Smith’s â€Å"narrative,† a master consents ted to his salve buying his freedom. Even though the slave could not pay it all in one lump sum, the master allowed him to pay it in â€Å"payments† he paid all he had as the down payment and then earned the rest by fishing and cropping. This example just came to show that not all slave owners were opposed to slaves being free. The Vermont Colonization proposed a 1? contribution from each inhabitant in order to help the society establish colonies on the coast of Africa. The colonies opened the door for emancipation. Some white abolitionists even advocated freeing blacks and relocating them to Africa, as did the American Colonization Society). Between 1790 and 1830, slavery vastly expanded. As slavery decreased in the north, the south more than made up for them due to the production of cotton booming in the south and especially down the Black Belt on the East Coast. Cotton production was already a huge industry in 1790, but it because even bigger when in 1793, the Cotton Gin was invented by a slave of Eli Whitney. The Cotton Gin made separating the cotton from the seeds quicker and easier, making the meticulous work a breeze compared to when it was done by hand. Slavery during the period also grew out of an economic need as the South looked to prosper solely through agricultural means. This meant slavery was simply an economic necessity as huge plantations, particularly those that produced cotton, were heavily labor-intensive. Because of this, slave-owners sought to control their slaves entirely and prevent them from escaping, although some slave holders allowed them to purchase their own freedom, as referred to in Venture Smith’s â€Å"Narrative†. Nonetheless, conditions were harsh leading many slaves to attempt rebellion or escape. In The Confessions of â€Å"Ben,† the document details the plans of one slave rebellion, plotted during Peace time so as to avoid conflict with soldiers or patrols. Rebellions during the period, usually small in scale, were rarely successful in the short term and merely resulted in stricter treatment of slaves, particularly in the Deep South. The harsher the treatment, the more impassioned became anti-slavery rhetoric, particularly in the African-American community. David Walker’s â€Å"Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World,† shows just how frustrated many had become with the system of slavery, and the determination of the community to free itself through any means. Denmark Vesey was a slave who had bought his freedom and planned what would’ve been the biggest slave rebellion in the United States; however, the Vesey’s conspiracy leaked and he was tried, convicted, and executed. In the North, slavery as a practice was a lost interest as the more industrial economy did not rely upon slave labor for its success. Upper class families often owned one or two slaves to carry on matters of the home, yet the majority of Northerners never owned a slave. That, however, did not mean free blacks received equal rights or good treatment in the North. Paul Cuffe’s Petition and Prince Hall’s Masonic Movement both point out the denial of rights to free blacks, as well as the harsh racism that prevailed throughout the region. Blacks were not allowed to vote, and were often paid less for the same jobs as whites. However, some in the North took up the issue of discrimination looking for ways to solve the struggles of the African American community. Plans for colonization of Africa by free blacks and former slaves were supports by some in the North such as the Vermont Colonization Society discussed in Document H; however, movements like this never picked up wide support and, in the end, amounted to little. During the late 18th century, the 2nd Great Awakening began as the second period of religious revival that extended into the antebellum period. Bishop Richard Allen was the founder of the African American Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church. Allen was granted the title of the first bishop for his hope offering of the religion given to the Black community. In the picture of Document D, an AME meeting is taking place in Philadelphia. Free Blacks often celebrated their freedom, especially since their church was the first independent black domination in the US. Many Northern Whites plead Black causes, turning into abolitionists. Free Blacks were gracious to Whites who worked hard to Improve African conditions. Most White abolitionists were great supporters of the American Colonization Society in order to send them back to their homes in Africa. While some Whites were helpful, others were discriminate like those in Boston, were Black’s lives were endangered due to hate as described in Prince Hall’s Masonic Movement. Disfranchisement gave the right to vote to Blacks in the North where their votes would’ve usually counted as less effective or completely ineffective. Although some slaves were able to buy their freedom or escape to the North, slavery as a practice boomed between 1775 and 1830. The westward expansion of America and growth of the plantation system required a large number of slaves to support the agrarian economy. Free blacks were not spared harsh racism and discrimination, leading many African Americans to campaign for both the freedom of their people in the South and their own personal liberties at home.

Examining the selection criteria for equity finance investment in social enterprise

Research Methodology The main purpose of this section is to discuss how the primary research has been carried out and the rationale for the choice of methodology. The conclusion of the literature review showed that there are currently no publically agreed criteria for social venture capital funding and very little in the way of conclusive advice for social enterprises attempting to raise this kind of funding. As a result, it is important to gather primary data to facilitate the development of robust conclusions and to answer the research questions. When proposing a research methodology for an in-depth study such as this, Saunders et al. (2009) suggest that it is practical to build the research methodology and research design in such a way that it supports the overall aim and objectives of the research. As such, every aspect of the methodology must reflect the overall purpose of the research, and be geared towards answering the research question and accomplishing its objectives (Neuman, 2000). This chapter therefore outlines the methodology through which the research objectives were met, and the question answered. Several important factors, such as the research philosophy, design, strategy and data collection are highlighted. Issues relating to the research’s validity, generalizability and reliability are also discussed. Research Philosophy According to Easterby-Smith et al (2008), it is important to understand the research philosophy being adopted in management research, as it helps clarify how the research should be designed, approached, and how data could be collected and analysed. Easterby-Smith et al also note that an understanding of the research philosophy could help the researcher in creating, designing and identifying research that may not in line with past experiences. Based on the research aims and objectives, the researcher deemed it most appropriate to adopt an interpretivist philosophy. This is due to the overriding aim of this research, which is to understand the reasons behind social enterprise funding, thus implying that there is a need to understand human responses to a situation, thereby making the result of the findings potentially subjective in nature (Denzin and Lincoln, 2003). Saunders et al (2009) note â€Å"interpretivism is an epistemology that advocates that it is necessary for the researcher to understand differences between humans in our role as social actors† The researcher will need to make sense of the subjective and socially constructed meanings expressed by respondents, as per the interpretivist philosophy (Saunders et al, 2009). The interpretivist perspective can be argued to be decidedly appropriate when it comes to management research due to the complexity and uniqueness of business situations (Saunders et al, 2012; Neuman, 2000). As a result of this choice, the positivist philosophy would not be adopted in this study, as it would be ineffective to adopt a philosophy that observes and generalises social reality (Robson, 2002). Collis and Hussey (2003) also argue that the positivist philosophy cannot help understand the inner feelings, attitudes and human emotions behind social enterprise investments, as these could differ from one investor to another. Research Approach According to Collis and Hussey (2003) a research that adopts an interpretivist philosophy should be inductive in its approach. An inductive approach to research can help to gain an understanding of human interpretation to events, which is especially useful in management research, where the attitude and motivation of stakeholders matter (Saunders et al, 2009). As this study is concerned with understanding how social enterprise investors determine their investment criteria, then it is useful for this research to adopt an approach that makes it possible to understand human emotions and attitudes, compared to the deductive approach that is usually based on generalised scientific principles and academic theories (Bryman and Bell, 2007). Research Purpose As the aim of this study is to identify what social venture capitalists look for in an investment opportunity, this lends itself very much to an exploratory research methodology. According to Robson (2002, pg. 59), â€Å"an exploratory research is a valuable means of finding out what is happening; to seek new insights; to ask questions and to assess phenomena in a new light.† Saunders et al (2009) also state that an exploratory research is useful if the aim of the research is to understand a problem, find out what’s happening, or when the researcher is particularly unsure about a research problem. As such, an exploratory study is an ideal design, as it helps to answer this research’s question more effectively. An exploratory study has been chosen compared to descriptive studies – which portray accurate events of people, events or situations (Robson, 2002), because this research seeks to ‘find out’ and not to ‘narrate’. Furthermore, the literature review already shows that there is insufficient information on selection criteria on social enterprise investments, which defeats the purpose of a descriptive study. The same also applies to explanatory studies, where the emphasis is to study a situation and explain the relationship between two or more variables (Saunders et al, 2009). This study is not designed to assess the relationship between variables, but rather to understand investor attitude. An exploratory study is therefore the most effective form of answering the research question. Data Collection Saunders et al. (2009) suggest that when gathering primary data for an inductive exploratory study, it is normal that much of the data will be qualitative in nature. While there is a considerable amount of quantitative data around the subject of venture capital and social enterprise, these statistics are not sufficient to clarify investment criteria. A further issue with quantitative data is that this research does not seek to reconcile hypothesis and as a result, a methodology needs to be chosen that produces qualitative data. To answer the research question, and to develop a better understanding of this new development for both the social VC and social enterprise industries, it is important to collect data that is rich in opinion and explanation (as recommended by Morris and Wood, 1991). Qualitative data collection is therefore the most appropriate for this research. As it is anticipated that much of the primary data gathered for this study will be qualitative in nature, Saunders et al. (2009) suggests that there are several techniques for gathering primary data. These include inter alia interviews, surveys, focus groups, case studies, and participant observation. To obtain rich data that will be sufficient to allow for analysis, the development of themes, and sufficient contrast of opinion, techniques such as questionnaires and general surveys with large samples are unlikely to be effective (Morris and Wood, 1991). Firstly due to the fact that they will not provide the necessary opinion to answer the research question but more importantly due to the fact that there is a limited sample of available respondents with the necessary experience in their industry, as will be clarified in the data sources section of this methodology. While both the VC industry and the social enterprise ‘movement’ are well established, the actual link between them is relatively new and as a result it is important to select a technique that allows for the development of theories to emerge during data collection and analysis. A longitudinal study would potentially be ideal as would the case study method, since both of these allow for the opportunity for the discovery of interesting new ideas and theories (Adams and Schvaneveldt, 1991). A longitudinal study is not appropriate for this dissertation due to the time constraints, and so a cross-sectional study is more appropriate. While there was the potential to carry out a case study of either a social VC fund or a social enterprise, this would have only provided information around one organization. To effectively analyse the link between two industries it is more appropriate to gather data from a broad cross section of organizations and links to avoid either any bias or à ¢â‚¬Å"isolate opinion† (Collis and Hussey, 2003). According to Belk (2008), the main weakness of qualitative data collection is that it can be limited by insufficient resources. This means that because interviews are resource intensive, a narrower range of opinion is gathered. However Collins & Hussey (2003) argue that if the interviews are well structured even though they only gather the opinions of a relatively small research population the depth and breadth of data gathered and the fact that it is contextually relevant is certainly sufficient in terms of data validity and reliability for an exploratory study such as this. Having established the time limitations and the issue that the potential sample is limited but should be sufficiently broad, interviews emerge as the most appropriate methodology. As Sanders et al (2009) explains, there are a number of different ways that an interview can be conducted. It is first important to establish which structure of interview is the most appropriate. There are three main categories of interview structure, and these are: structured, semi-structured and unstructured. The primary distinction between them being the level of freedom given to the researcher in terms of asking different questions to interviewees, and varying the length allowed for the responses (Saunders et al, 2009). The literature showed that there is no clarity as to either the criteria used for funding or for the advice to those seeking funding, and as a result there needs to be the opportunity for the interviewees to express opinion and provide information that moves beyond the confines of a set of structured questions. To develop new and interesting theories, it is essential that the interviews allow for different responses (Robson, 2002). However, this dissertation has a limitation of length which prevents unstructured interviews from being an appropriate technique as it could potentially allow for too much data to be collected making analysis overly complex or it could prevent the necessary focus on the issues related to the research question. Semi-structured interviews allow for sufficient data to be collected while also providing the flexibility that is necessary for the researcher to develop both original insight and sufficient opinion for the analysis (Bryman and Bell, 2007). Data Sources and Data Collection Techniques Since it has been established that the author shall conduct semi-structured interviews, it is important at this stage to re-visit the research questions, which are as follows: When evaluating social enterprises for equity investment, which criteria are considered most important Do social venture capitalists differ in their evaluation criteria compared to commercial venture capitalists Secondary research question: What are the drivers for the social venture capitalists A questionnaire has been developed accordingly and used as a guideline, allowing for flexibility of the discussion and giving the respondents room to reject certain questions or focus on questions that was within their expertise, whilst still ensuring answers to the more critical questions. This semi-structured format is favourable also because it allows for discretion and prioritization in time management, without the need to interrupt or inconvenience the respondent (Neuman, 2000). Primary data has been gathered using said questionnaire, from five individuals that are responsible for screening social enterprises in the UK for access to equity investment. Five interview respondents were seen as ideal for a number of reasons. Firstly, this research is exploratory in nature; secondly, time constraints would have made it difficult to gather and analyse data from more than five respondents; and lastly, it was difficult to gain access to these individuals. The semi-structured interviews were conducted over the phone and in face-to-face environments, as per the respondents’ preference. The questionnaire was shared beforehand allowing the respondents time to consider and prepare for the questions if need be, as well as to filter out respondents who were not well suited. Research participants were encouraged to expand upon their responses to allow the researcher to gather a wide range of data (Belk, 2008). The interviews were audio-recorded with consent and subsequently transcribed verbatim[1], in order to allow the researcher to focus on the interview and fully engage with the respondent, without compromising on the accuracy of the data collected (Robson, 2002). This further allowed for the researcher to take note of additional non-verbal communication to enrich the quality of data retrieved (Kvale and Brinkmann, 2009). At the end of each interview, a summary was developed in order to reflect upon the progression of the interview process and start developing any findings. This â€Å"stop and reflect† process in between interviews, as recommended by Saunders et al (2009), has allowed the researcher to adapt to this new knowledge and delve deeper into the research questions with each ensuing interview. This process has led to an additional set of questions on the questionnaire[2], with the aim of addressing four new research questions: Is there in fact a market/demand for equity investment in social enterprise in the UK Is there a supply/demand balance of social enterprises to social investment How do SIFIs interact What does the future of social investment look like Once the data had been gathered, the author administered data reduction techniques (Miles and Huberman, 1994) by critically reviewing and selectively focusing on key parts of the extended text which are the transcripts. By extracting relevant pieces of information to answer our research questions, along with our notes throughout the interview process, the author was then able to codify the data, which was then subject to thematic analysis. Data collection, data analysis and the development and verification of the propositions have been very much an interactive and interrelated set of processes, whereby actual analysis occurred throughout. The flexibility of this process was key to enabling more insightful data and propositions, as enabled by an inductive approach. Issues of Reliability, Validity and Generalisability Reliability denotes the extent to which findings from a research can provide consistent findings, if another study were to adopt its data gathering and sampling technique (Easterby-Smith et al, 2008). The major threats to research liability: respondent bias, respondent error, interviewer bias and interviewer error (Robson, 2002) were avoided by: Sending the questionnaires to the respondents beforehand to avoid misinterpretation of intent or questions. Audio-recording the interviews, and taking ‘time-outs’ to reflect on the answers and ask further questions. Analyzing the data using data-reduction techniques, in order to prioritize the key findings and avoid loss of data. Validity, according to Saunders et al (2009) â€Å"is concerned with whether findings are really about what they appear to be about†. The interview questions were based on the research question, thus linking respondent answers to the overall aim of the research. Furthermore, the respondents were accredited professionals with industry insight on social enterprise investments. As a result, they were most fit to answer the interview questions. This helped ensure the data collected and analysed was valid. Generalisability measures the extent to which research findings are generalizable to other research settings (Saunders et al, 2009). Due to the inductive nature of this study, it is the researcher’s opinion that the findings of this research are generalizable to social enterprise investments in the UK. The findings from this research could help explain how investors determine what social enterprises they would invest in the UK. This is due to socio-economic factors that may differ from one country to another. Ethics With any primary research it is imperative that matters relating to research ethics are taken into account (Denzin and Lincoln, 2003). This includes ensuring that research participants have a clear understanding of what the research will entail and their contribution to the research. Research participants have agreed to support the research voluntarily, and so Denzin and Lincoln (2003, p.114) describe this as â€Å"informed consent†. The author has explained the nature of the research and reassured research participants of their role. Furthermore, confidentiality will be maintained through ensuring anonymity of research participants throughout this dissertation, only divulging participants’ names on a need to know basis to dissertation assessors. Not only is this ethical best practice, but Bryman & Bell (2011) also highlight the fact that it further ensures that the researcher gathers legitimate data which is not subject to inadvertent bias, for example a research p articipant feels that they must say nice things about their supervisor. In this instance because the research is heavily reliant on personal opinion then it is imperative that research ethics are observed. Due to the respondents’ varying assumptions in definition when referring to key research terms, such as â€Å"social enterprise† and â€Å"social venture capital†, all questions were clarified in detail where necessary, and the author ensured an alignment of understanding prior to collecting data. References Adams, G. R. and Schvaneveldt, J. D. (1991) Understanding Research Methods, Longman Group: UK, 406pp Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2007) Business Research Methods, 2nd Ed, Oxford University Press: Oxford, 786pp Collis, J. and Hussey, R. (2003) Business Research: A Practical Guide for Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students, 2nd Ed, Palgrave McMillan: NY, 374pp Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., and Lowe, A. (2008) Management Research: An Introduction, 2nd Ed, SAGE: London, 194pp Morris, T. and Wood, S. (1991), ‘Testing the survey method: continuity and change in British industrial relations’, Work, Employment & Society, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 259- 82. Neuman, W. L. (2000) Basics of social research: qualitative and quantitative approaches, Pearson: UK, 391pp Robson, C. (2002) Real world research: a resource for social scientists and practitioner – researchers, 2nd Ed, Wiley-Blackwell: NY, 599pp Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2009) Research methods for business students, Fifth Edition, Pearson Education: NJ, 624pp

Difference Between Romanticism and Transendinlalism in American and British Writers Essay

Difference Between Romanticism and Transendinlalism in American and British Writers The expression Romantic gained currency during its own time, roughly 1780-1850. However, the Romantic era is to identify a period in which certain ideas and attitudes arose, gained the idea of intellectual achievement and became dominant. This is why , they became the dominant mode of expression. Which tells us something else about the Romantic era which expression was perhaps everything to do with them — expression in art, music, poetry, drama, literature and philosophy. Romantic ideas arose both as implicit and explicit criticisms of 18th century Enlightenment thought. For the most part, these ideas were generated by a sense of being unable to deal with the dominant ideals of the Enlightenment and of the society that produced them. Which characterized Transendinlalism very differently from that of Romanticism. The difference of Transendinlalism was that it was a literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. However, the Romantics thought differently because they that, that romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The Romantics felt all the opinions of the Enlightment were fraught with dangerous errors and oversimplification. Romanticism may then be considered as a critique of the inadequacies of what it held to be Enlightened thought. The difference between these two eras are the British and American writers that have chosen either the path of romanticism or transendinlalism. The characteristics of Romanticism are different to those of Transendinlalism. Romanticism results in part from the libertarian and egalitarian ideals of the French Revolution, the romantic movements had in common only a revolt against the prescribed rules of classicism. The basic aims of romanticism were various: a return to nature and to the belief in the goodness of humanity; the rediscovery of the artist as a supremely individual creator; the development of nationalistic pride; and the exaltation of the senses and emotion over reason and intellect. In addition, romanticism was a philosophical revolt against rationalism. Another difference between those of Romanticism and Transendinlalism are it’s themes that it represents. One of the many themes of romanticism are dreams and visions. The most notable example of the emphasis on dreams and visions in romantic literature is Coleridge’s poems is â€Å"Kubla Khan†written in 1816, he claims to have written is during a dream while deeply asleep . While transcribing the lines from his dream, he was interrupted by a visitor, and later claimed that if this interruption had not occurred, the poem would have been much longer. The idea that a person could compose poetry while asleep was a common amongst romantics. Although critics at the time were not particularly enthusiastic about Kubla Khan. Nature had a overwhelming influence during the Romantic Era. In Kubla Khan describes the nature that he is surrounded by; † Walls and towers were raised around â€Å"twice five miles of fertile ground,† filled with beautiful gardens and forests. A â€Å"deep romantic chasm† slanted down a green hill, occasionally spewing forth a violent and powerful burst of water, so great that it flung boulders up with it â€Å"like rebounding hail. † The river ran five miles through the woods, finally sinking â€Å"in tumult to a lifeless ocean. † Amid that tumult, in the place â€Å"as holy and enchanted / As e’er beneath a waning moon was haunted / By woman wailing to her demon-lover,† Kubla heard â€Å"ancestral voices† bringing prophesies of war. The pleasure-dome’s shadow floated on the waves, where the mingled sounds of the fountain and the caves could be heard. â€Å"It was a miracle of rare device,† the speaker says, â€Å"A sunny pleasure-dome with caves of ice! † Coleridge’s is inspired by the beauty and charmingness that nature gives them during the romantic era. Before this period of time another era had began called The Age Of Enlightenment. In the 18th century â€Å" The Enlightenment,† made this movement advocated rationality as a means to establish an authoritative system of ethics, aesthetics, and knowledge. Which then gave the transendinlalism it’s place in this movement. Transendinlalism is a literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. It is no coincidence that this movement took off just as the American literary tradition was beginning to blossom. Transcendentalism—though inspired by German and British Romanticism—was a distinctly American movement in that it was tied into notions of American individualism. In addition to the theme of American democracy, transcendentalist literature also promotes the idea of nature as divine and the human soul as inherently wise. Transcendentalism also had a political dimension, and writers such as Thoreau put their transcendentalist beliefs into action through acts of civil disobedience to the government. The nineteenth century was a volatile one, beginning with the hope and promise of democracy and the development of an American identity and moving towards mass devastation and division by the middle of the century. Slavery and the Civil War, women’s rights, growing industrialism and class division —all of these events were influential and each had a role to play in the transcendentalist movement. Transendinlalism had many themes to those of the Romantics at their time like self- wisdom. Quite simply, Transcendentalism is based on the belief that human beings have self-wisdom and may gain this knowledge or wisdom by tuning in to the ebb and flow of nature. Transcendentalism revolves around the self, specifically the betterment of the self. Where Emerson and his followers differed from earlier philosophical and religious beliefs was in the idea that human beings had natural knowledge and could connect with God directly rather than through an institution such as organized religion. Transcendentalism celebrated the self, an important step in the construction of American identity, better understood as the notion of American individualism—one of the cornerstones of American democracy. Nature played an important role in the Transcendentalist view. Nature was divine and alive with spirit; indeed, the human mind could read the truths of life in nature. To live in harmony with nature and to allow one’s deepest intuitive being to communicate with nature was a source of goodness and inspiration. In fact, writers not only celebrated America’s great landscape, but also constructed the wilderness as a type of dramatic character that illustrated moral law. The desire for an escape from the evils of society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Transcendentalist thought emphasized individualism. Only by rejecting the irrelevant dogmas in place and searching for inner truth could one experience the deep intuition of spiritual reality. In relation, Transcendentalism is also very democratic, asserting that the powers of the individual mind and soul are equally available to all people. These powers are not dependent on wealth, gender, background, or education, but on the individual’s willingness to release their own imaginative power to realize his or her place in the Oversoul. The obvious results from Transcendentalist efforts are manifest in the intense moral enthusiasm that characterized Transcendental thinkers. Society, with its emphasis on material success, was often seen as a source of corruption. To combat this evil, many Transcendentalists were associated with such moralist groups as the anti-slavery group, the march for women’s rights, and other aid societies. Ultimately, some Transcendentalists hoped to reform society by creating an American utopia with a perfect social and political system. The Transcendentalists can be exasperatingly vague in their prescriptions for spiritual transformation, a vagueness which derives principally from their distrust of all forms of ritual and inherited religious forms. The transcendent individual is often a solitary figure, contemplating his soul (and by analogy, the soul of all humanity), and contemplating other souls through the reading of serious literature. But the central recurring theme that emerges is a return to nature, where the artifice and depravity of society cannot reach. Thus Thoreau leaves Concord and heads for Walden Pond to explore the great truths of the natural world. Thus Jones Very, in his poem â€Å"The Silent,† distinguishes between the sounds that strike the ear and those that strike the soul when one walks in the woods: ‘Tis all unheard; that Silent Voice, Whose goings forth unknown to all, Bids bending reed and bird rejoice, And fills with music Nature’s hall. And in the speechless human heart It speaks, where’er man’s feet have trod; Beyond the lips’ deceitful art, To tell of Him, the Unseen God. † Thus the similarities in the Romantic and Transendinlalism era are ver closely together. For the writers of these eras believed in different yet similar things. For example, nature was one of the similarities of both eras they had marked the world in believing that nature is something that will keep you clam and feel safe like all writers at the time believed in. For romantics believed in intellectual and artistic belief in their writing. Thus they also had many differences for reason over belief this is one of the subjects that the romantics and transcendentalist did not agreed in. During the 18th century their truly was no difference in both the romantic and Transendinlalism era. The only difference was those of the people’s writings of this period who made this era last for years.

MANAGING ACTIVITIES TO ACHIEVE RESULTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

MANAGING ACTIVITIES TO ACHIEVE RESULTS - Essay Example The integration of standards of practice within the business processes can further enable the organisations to carefully abide by its principles and to ensure the protection of employees from different emerging and uncalled for circumstances (Verlag, n.d.). Emphasizing the different aspects of standardisation processes and their significances within the business practices, the primary purpose of this report is to critically analyse and address the key issues identified in the case study of Sutton Chemicals Ltd. In this regard, the discussion of this report would principally focus on the significances and the roles of standardisation in Sutton Chemicals. Moreover, the report would also examine the health and safety issues at Sutton Chemicals and provide adequate measures to ensure that the company complies with the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and its various subsequent regulations. ... has been recognised as a growing organisation which produces specialist chemicals. The organisation is located in Sutton Coldfield within the northern outskirts of Birmingham. However, it has also been recognised from the case scenario that the organisation has faced significant challenges in its operational processes due to the lack of managerial roles of the hierarchies and inadequate standards within the chemical plant. In relation to the principles underneath ISO14001, it has been recognised that the set of principles significantly facilitate the concerned authorities to avail substantial benefits to obtain competitive position in the marketplace (Verlag, n.d.). In this regard, the major beneficial aspects that can be derived from the integration of ISO14001 by Sutton Chemicals have been provided in the following discussion: Performance Improvement The inclusion of ISO14001 can significantly improve the performance of each group of members within Sutton Chemicals. The designated principles stated under the ISO14001 can empower investment portfolio of the organisation in terms of developing its Research and Development (R&D) segment. In this context, the standardisation process of developing R&D can further facilitate the employees to increase their productivity within a stipulated time. Moreover, the process can further motivate the workers due to the incorporation of a range of incentive initiatives within the standardisation guidelines including appropriate wage structure, adequate safety measures for the employees along with other beneficial factors that tend to encourage them to improve their performance in different chemical production operations of Sutton Chemicals

Housing Law Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Housing Law Assignment - Essay Example The procedure for evicting a Scottish secure tenant is provided in the Housing (Scotland) Act 2001. Schedule 2 to the said act provides grounds on which court may order recovery of possession. The landlord has to satisfy the sheriff that you have failed to pay rent due and also that it is reasonable to evict you, considering various factors such as the amount of arrears, reason for arrears including unemployment, past history of tenant, duties of the local authority pursuant to orders of eviction with regard to social welfare legislation e.g. Children (Scotland) Act 1995. You can take the following lines of defence. (1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Your employment was interrupted because of ill health and also because you did not get permanent employment. That you were hospitalized is also a factor which will be considered in your favour. (2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   You are now receiving benefits from the government, and you pay your rents out of these. As per the observation in W oodspring DC v. Taylor [3], receipt of benefits by a tenant is a material factor to be considered while deciding the application for eviction. Similarly, in Angus Housing Association v. Fraser [4] it was held that the sheriff should consider the fact that arrears direct are being paid and rent is taken care of by housing benefit. (3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fact that you were sequestrated prior to the decree being passed against you means that it has not been considered by the sheriff. This is another important factor in your possible defence. (4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The landlord tenant relationship imposes duties on the landlord. The windows of your bedroom are badly fitting and your landlord has not carried out repairs even after seven months of his being informed. It is not clear from the instructions, but additional expenditure for heating due to the condensation may have led to arrears or a part of it. Also, you are entitled to withhold rent till the landlord ca rries out the repairs necessary. As per the observation in Mary Galloway -v- City of Glasgow Council [5], the landlord should have repaired the house within a reasonable period from the date of notice and if not then they would be in breach of express and implied obligations to repair the house. (5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Your landlord should have taken into account the fact that you are unemployed. Your limited income and ill health caused in all probability by the improper condition of the house are also considerable factors while deciding reasonability of eviction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to a government assessment, about 40% of cases bought to the court resulted in a decree for eviction being issued. Less than 23% of the total cases bought to the court resulted in eviction.[6] On the basis of facts as you narrate them, there is a good chance of avoiding eviction. You can also seek full unemployment benefit from the government, as well as benef its for families. You are entitled for benefits because your children are dependant on you. Her Majesty’s Customs and Revenue department provides these benefits. It will take one year before some of your debts are automatically discharged. It will be of help to prepare a list of your creditors and see if you can defer payment to them until such time as you can get

Price Elasticity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Price Elasticity - Essay Example In this case, if goods A and B are complementary, they have to be purchased together for a consumer to reap their utility. Complementary goods have a negative cross elasticity of demand; this implies that the demand of good A increases when the price of good B is decreased, where goods A and B are complementary goods. Conversely, the demand for A is decreased when the price of B is increased. This basically means that when higher quantity of A is demanded due to price decline, the demand of B will equally increase since A cannot be used without B. substitute goods exhibit positive cross-price elasticity of demand. Suppose X and Y are substitute goods. When price of Y goes up, consumers will go for X at a cheaper price but with similar utility as Y The income elasticity of demand measures the degree of change in demand of a commodity in response to changes in consumer’s income level. Inferior goods are those goods that a person may consider using when they do not have enough money, for example a cheap car. With little income, the demand for cheap cars will go up. Once the income increases, people tend to prefer more expensive cars and hence the demand of cheap cars goes down. Normal goods have a normal demand curve. In this case, the demand of a normal god will increase as the level of income increases. Conversely, the demand of a normal commodity will decrease with the level of income (Tobin, 1987). Various aspects including the availability of substitute products or goods, necessity degree and the greater the elasticity of good demand mostly influence the price elasticity of goods demands. Generally, demand tends to be elastic when there is availability of substitute goods in the market (Landsburg, 2011). In this case, the greater the substitute products in the market would result to demand elasticity. The best example is the Coca-Cola and Pepsi situation where the market is always flooded with availability of substitute products thus making the demand